The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Ridwan, Iwan; Ghazali, Mukhtar; Kusmayadi, Adi; Putra, Resza Diwansyah; Marlina, Nina; Andrijanto, Eko

doi:10.1051/matecconf/201815603002

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The reaction enhancement by adding toluene might be because of the good solubility of stearic acid in toluene that helps the mixing of methanol with stearic acid in the reactor. 35 However, the yield slightly decreased to 88.8% when the toluene amount was further increased to 20% v/v. This might be due to a decrease in reactant concentration with an increase in toluene amount.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The methyl stearate yields slightly increased from 88.3 to 91.1% with an increase in toluene from 0 to 10% v/v. The reaction enhancement by adding toluene might be because of the good solubility of stearic acid in toluene that helps the mixing of methanol with stearic acid in the reactor . However, the yield slightly decreased to 88.8% when the toluene amount was further increased to 20% v/v.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity of a Sulfonated Carbon-Based Catalyst Derived from Organosolv Lignin toward Esterification of Stearic Acid under Near-Critical Alcohol Conditions

Sangsiri

Laosiripojana

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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In this study, an environmentally benign carbon-based catalyst derived from extracted bagasse lignin (EL) was successfully synthesized by solvothermal carbonization and sulfonation with methane sulfonic acid (MSA). Interestingly, the results indicated that the use of MSA as a sulfonation agent made a catalyst with higher thermal stability than conventional sulfuric acid. Thus, in comparison to the catalyst prepared by using sulfuric acid, the catalyst prepared by using MSA (EL–MSA) exhibited higher catalytic activity in the esterification of stearic acid under near-critical methanol conditions. Under optimum conditions (260 °C for 5 min, a 9:1 methanol-to-stearic-acid molar ratio, 5 wt % catalyst loading, and 10% v/v toluene), the esterification over the EL–MSA catalyst promoted a 91.1% methyl stearate yield. Moreover, the results also revealed that the high thermal stability of the EL–MSA catalyst not only affects its great catalytic activity, but it also prevents damage to the porous structure and decomposition of acidic surface oxygen-containing functional groups. It contributes to the excellent reusability of the catalyst. After the fifth run, a high yield of 82.8% was obtained. The effect of alcohol type on the catalyst performance was also studied. It was found that the EL–MSA catalyst also presented good performance toward esterification with ethanol and propanol, from which ethyl stearate and propyl stearate with a more than 80% ester yield can be achieved.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of a Sulfonated Carbon-Based Catalyst Derived from Organosolv Lignin toward Esterification of Stearic Acid under Near-Critical Alcohol Conditions

Sangsiri

Laosiripojana

et al. 2022

ACS Omega

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“…The low solubility also explains the slow rate of reaction owing to the low concentration of methanol in the triglyceride phase and successful collisions for the reaction to occur which therefore do not happen frequently. To try to solve this predicament of a two-phase system which causes mass transfer lag, several solutions have been proposed, including agitation, high-temperature reactions, use of longer-chain alcohols, and use of cosolvents. ,,− Agitation and high-temperature reactions are energy-consuming processes which will increase the cost of biodiesel production. Ethanol, being one carbon longer than methanol, has a higher solubility in triglycerides than methanol, whereas it is also safer and “greener” as a solvent than methanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Interactions between Triolein and Cosolvent Binary Mixtures Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

et al. 2022

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Biodiesel is one of the emerging renewable sources of energy to replace fossil-fuel-based resources. It is produced by a transesterification reaction in which a triglyceride reacts with methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction is slow because of the low solubility of methanol in triglycerides, which results in low concentrations of methanol available to react with triglyceride. To speed up the reaction, cosolvents are added to create a single phase which helps to improve the concentration of methanol in the triglyceride phase. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations are used to help understand the role of cosolvents in the solvation of triglyceride (triolein). Six binary mixtures of triolein/cosolvent were used to study the solvation of triolein at 298.15 K. Results of 100 ns simulations at constant temperature and pressure to simulate mixing experiments show that in the first 10 ns all the binary mixtures remain largely unmixed. However, for the cosolvents that are fully miscible with triolein, the partial densities across the simulation boxes show that the systems are fully mixed in the final 10 ns. Some solvents were found to interact strongly with the polar part of triolein, while others interacted with the aliphatic part. The radial distribution functions and clustering of the solvents around triolein were also used as indicators for solvation. The presence of cosolvents also influenced the conformation of triolein molecules. In the presence of solvents that solubilize it, triolein preferred a propeller conformation but took up a trident conformation when there is less or no solubilization. The results show that tetrahydrofuran is the best solvent at solubilizing triolein, followed by cyclopentyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, and hexane. With 1,4-dioxane, the solubility improves with an increase in temperature. The miscibility of a solvent in triolein is aided by its ability to interact with both the polar and nonpolar parts of triolein.

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A new biodiesel production by water addition to supercritical tert-butyl methyl ether using a plug flow reactor

Ridwan

Chinwanitcharoen

Tamura

2021

Fuel

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The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Activity of a Sulfonated Carbon-Based Catalyst Derived from Organosolv Lignin toward Esterification of Stearic Acid under Near-Critical Alcohol Conditions

Activity of a Sulfonated Carbon-Based Catalyst Derived from Organosolv Lignin toward Esterification of Stearic Acid under Near-Critical Alcohol Conditions

Understanding the Interactions between Triolein and Cosolvent Binary Mixtures Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

A new biodiesel production by water addition to supercritical tert-butyl methyl ether using a plug flow reactor

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