The Effect of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels in Athletes

Sikora‐Klak, Jakub; Narvy, Steven J; Yang, Justin; Makhni, Eric C.; Kharrazi, F. Daniel; Mehran, Nima

doi:10.7812/tpp/17-216

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…It was found that the athletes participating in the study used the most supplements containing vitamin D, multi-vitamin, and omega-3, respectively, to strengthen their immunity against COVID-19. The importance of vitamin D in the athlete's health and performance has been the subject of many studies, especially in recent years [39,40]. The attitudes of the young people participating in the study are the reflection of their knowledge on this subject.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and nutritional status of university athletes

Özen

Eskici

Yurdakul

et al. 2021

PES

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Background and Study Aim. The current study was carried out to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the emotional state and nutritional behavior of university athletes. Material and Methods. This research was carried out during the first wave of COVID-19 in Turkey. A total of 334 (162 female and 172 male) athletes who are undergraduate students in the faculties of sports sciences of universities participated in the study. Their mean age was 21.46 ± 3.7. The Emotional Eating Scale (EES) was used to determine the nutritional behavior of the participants and The Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale was used to determine their emotional state. The Chi-square and Cross-tabulation tests were used for the statistical analysis of categorical variables. Mann Whitney U test was used for the analysis of continuous variables, and Spearman Sequence Correlation test protocols were used for correlation analysis. Results. The results of the statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant increase in the amount of fluid consumption of elite athletes. There was a significant relationship between negative mood and emotional eating sub-assessment (p <0.05). However, it was found that there was no significant difference between total and subscale scores of amateur and elite athletes (p >0.05). Conclusion. As a result of the research, it was seen that elite and amateur athletes did not have a significant difference in emotional eating and mood status, except for the amount of fluid consumption. The increase in negative emotions of university athletes is an important factor that increased their emotional eating behavior.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and nutritional status of university athletes

Özen

Eskici

Yurdakul

et al. 2021

PES

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“…It is conceivable that the mechanisms underlying this association have to do with the known role of 25(OH)D or its metabolites in the regulation of genes and signaling pathways involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, as well as the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells [57,58]. Vitamin D controls the initiation of muscular regeneration by promoting an increase of the cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle fibers through modulatory actions on the cell cycle of the skeletal tissue [59][60][61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Handgrip Strength, Nutritional Status and T2DM in Community-Dwelling Older Mexican Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Mendoza-Garcés¹,

Velázquez-Alva

Cabrer-Rosales

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between handgrip strength, nutritional status and vitamin D deficiency in Mexican community-dwelling older women. A cross sectional study in women ≥ 60 years-old was performed. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were measured by a quantitative immunoassay technique. Handgrip strength was assessed using a dynamometer, while nutritional status was assessed through the Full Mini Nutritional Assessment (Full-MNA). A total of 116 women participated in the study, their mean age was 70.3 ± 5.8 years; 49.1% of the study group had plasma 25(OH)D levels lower than 40 nmol/L [16 ng/mL]. Meanwhile, 28.45% of participants had low handgrip strength (<16 kg), and 23.1% were identified at risk of malnutrition/malnourished according with Full-MNA score. Women with 25(OH)D deficiency (<40 nmol/L [16 ng/mL]) were more likely to have low handgrip strength (OR = 2.64, p = 0.025) compared with those with higher 25(OH)D values. Additionally, being malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (OR = 2.53, p = 0.045) or having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (OR = 2.92, p = 0.044) was also associated with low 25(OH)D. The prevalence of low plasma 25(OH)D concentrations was high among Mexican active older women. Low handgrip strength, being at risk of malnutrition/malnourished, or diagnosed with T2DM was also associated with Vitamin D deficiency.

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“…25(OH)D deficiency is highly prevalent in both the general [ 12 ] and the athletic population [ 16 , 71 , 72 ], where professional athletes have a high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency [ 73 ]. The surprisingly high prevalence of inadequate 25(OH)D levels in athletes depends on different factors such as the geographic location, the time of day and year, the local climate conditions, and the sports disciplines (i.e., indoor vs. outdoor) [ 74 ].…”

Section: Consequences Of a 25(oh)d Deficiency In Sport—stress Fracmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preventative measures for spontaneous insufficiency fractures include—among others—the supplementation of 25(OH)D in athletes with 25(OH)D insufficiency [ 80 ]. It is recommended to treat athletes with insufficient or deficient 25(OH)D levels with 25(OH)D [ 16 ]. In case of a 25(OH)D insufficiency, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete’s lifestyle and, if appropriate, by oral substitution of 25(OH)D. This concentration of ≥30 ng/mL is associated with a protective effect and an enhancement of physical performance [ 74 ].…”

Section: 25(oh)d Supplementation As a Preventive Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Athletes whose bone mineral density is reduced together with a low intake of dietary calcium and low circulating levels of 25(OH)D seem to be at an increased risk of stress fractures [ 11 ]. We have a considerable knowledge about the epidemiology of bone overuse injuries and stress fractures in athletes [ 13 , 14 ], bone health of athletes [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], skeletal muscle function in athletes [ 19 ] and the influence of 25(OH)D supplementation on bone mass [ 16 ], muscle strength [ 16 ] and performance in athletes [ 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. However, little is known regarding the relationship between stress fractures in athletes and the importance of 25(OH)D [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

et al. 2021

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There are numerous risk factors for stress fractures that have been identified in literature. Among different risk factors, a prolonged lack of vitamin D (25(OH)D) can lead to stress fractures in athletes since 25(OH)D insufficiency is associated with an increased incidence of a fracture. A 25(OH)D value of <75.8 nmol/L is a risk factor for a stress fracture. 25(OH)D deficiency is, however, only one of several potential risk factors. Well-documented risk factors for a stress fracture include female sex, white ethnicity, older age, taller stature, lower aerobic fitness, prior physical inactivity, greater amounts of current physical training, thinner bones, 25(OH)D deficiency, iron deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and inadequate intake of 25(OH)D and/or calcium. Stress fractures are not uncommon in athletes and affect around 20% of all competitors. Most athletes with a stress fracture are under 25 years of age. Stress fractures can affect every sporty person, from weekend athletes to top athletes. Stress fractures are common in certain sports disciplines such as basketball, baseball, athletics, rowing, soccer, aerobics, and classical ballet. The lower extremity is increasingly affected for stress fractures with the locations of the tibia, metatarsalia and pelvis. Regarding prevention and therapy, 25(OH)D seems to play an important role. Athletes should have an evaluation of 25(OH)D -dependent calcium homeostasis based on laboratory tests of 25-OH-D3, calcium, creatinine, and parathyroid hormone. In case of a deficiency of 25(OH)D, normal blood levels of ≥30 ng/mL may be restored by optimizing the athlete’s lifestyle and, if appropriate, an oral substitution of 25(OH)D. Very recent studies suggested that the prevalence of stress fractures decreased when athletes are supplemented daily with 800 IU 25(OH)D and 2000 mg calcium. Recommendations of daily 25(OH)D intake may go up to 2000 IU of 25(OH)D per day.

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The Effect of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels in Athletes

Cited by 26 publications

References 55 publications

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and nutritional status of university athletes

Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on emotional and nutritional status of university athletes

Vitamin D Deficiency is Associated with Handgrip Strength, Nutritional Status and T2DM in Community-Dwelling Older Mexican Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Vitamin D and Stress Fractures in Sport: Preventive and Therapeutic Measures—A Narrative Review

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