The effect of a medium-term activity- and diet-induced energy deficit on subjective appetite sensations in obese children

King, Neil; Hester, Jennifer

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803391

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Previous evidence shows that weight loss produces an increase in the subjective drive to eat. 9,10 It is not clear whether the increase in hunger Exercise, compensatory responses and energy balance NA King et al caused EI to increase or whether it was a result of the selective nutrient-specific shift of increasing fat intake. It is unlikely that both contributed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although most of the evidence from acute studies suggests that there is no automatic exercise-induced increase in EI, 5,8 there is evidence that weight loss is associated with increased motivation to eat following longer term negative energy balance interventions. [9][10][11][12][13] Compensatory reductions in EE could also oppose any perturbations in energy balance. Compensatory adjustments in exercise and nonexercise activity, for example a failure to maintain a 100% compliance with the exercise regime, 14 and a reduction in physical activity in the nonexercise time, could contribute to a lower than predicted weight loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss

et al. 2007

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Objective: To identify and characterize the individual variability in compensation for exercise-induced changes in energy expenditure (EE). Design: Twelve-week exercise intervention. Subjects: Thirty-five overweight and obese sedentary men and women (body mass index, 31.874.1 kg m À2 ; age, 39.6711.0 years) were prescribed exercise five times per week for 12 weeks under supervised conditions. Measurements: Body weight, body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), total daily energy intake (EI) and subjective appetite sensations were measured at weeks 0 and 12. Results: When all subjects' data were pooled, the mean reduction in body weight (3.773.6 kg) was significant (Po0.0001) and as predicted, which suggested no compensation for the increase in EE. However, further examination revealed a large individual variability in weight change (À14.7 to þ 1.7 kg). Subjects were identified as compensators (C) or noncompensators (NC) based on their actual weight loss (mean NC ¼ 6.373.2 kg and C ¼ 1.57 2.5 kg) relative to their predicted weight loss. C and NC were characterized by their different metabolic and behavioural compensatory responses. Moderate changes in RMR occurred in C (À69.27268.7 kcal day À1 ) and NC (14.27242.7 kcal day À1 ). EI and average daily subjective hunger increased by 268.27455.4 kcal day À1 and 6.9711.4 mm day À1 in C, whereas EI decreased by 1307485 kcal day À1 and there was no change in subjective appetite (0.479.6 mm day À1 ) in NC. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that expressing the exercise-induced change in body weight as a group mean conceals the large inter-individual variability in body weight and compensatory responses. Individuals who experience a lower than predicted weight loss are compensating for the increase in EE.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss

et al. 2007

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“…Any slackening induces a quick and ineluctable return of BMI to its previously programmed curve. Maintaining a long-term energy restriction is all the more difficult since the adipostat resists weight loss by increasing appetite [7]. A substantial motivation is therefore necessary to resist to a programmed BMI curve.…”

Section: Application To Childhood Obesity Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hypothesis is more plausible than a dysregulation of their adipostat inducing an excess weight gain when the children eat more than they expend. Indeed, when obese children try to lose weight, their adipostat actively resists by stimulating appetite [7] and reducing energy expenditure [8] in order to maintain the elevated body weight. In obese children, this programmed, elevated weight gain is also mainly influenced by genes.…”

Section: Evidence For the Need Of A Constitutional Susceptibility To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Programming towards Childhood Obesity

Tounian¹

2011

Ann Nutr Metab

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There is now considerable evidence that a constitutional susceptibility to fat gain is necessary for children to become obese under the pressure of an obesogenic environment; this is the programming towards obesity. The role of genetics in this programming is dominant. Besides the rare monogenic recessive forms of obesity secondary to mutations in genes involved in the hypothalamic appetite control pathways, obesity linked to mutations in melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors are more frequent due to their dominant mode of transmission. Predisposition to common obesity is polygenic and involves a network of genes; nevertheless, more research is required to elucidate their exact role. Fetal and perhaps early postnatal programming is also possible. Under- and overnutrition, diabetes, and maternal smoking during pregnancy were shown to promote later obesity and may affect the central body weight regulatory system during fetal development. The role of early postnatal factors such as formula-feeding rather than breastfeeding, excess in n–6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or protein intakes, and excessive weight gain early in life is more questionable and needs further investigation. Taking into consideration that childhood obesity is a programmed disease should modify its clinical management. Childhood obesity should no longer be considered as the result of inappropriate eating habits and/or excessive inactivity in order to relieve the obese children’s discrimination and their parents’ guilt. Since treatment of obese children requires a substantial motivation to continuously fight against the programmed excessive drive to eat, it seems wiser to wait for children to be old enough, thus more motivated, to initiate energy restriction. Moreover, with the great majority of children being not predisposed to obesity, prevention strategies should not be addressed to the whole pediatric population but targeted to those children at risk. Improvement of knowledge on programming towards obesity is essential to develop more promising therapeutic and preventive approaches.

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“…If children consume such drinks and food, they will need more water. And when exercise and activity increases, an energy gap occurs, so appetite and eating increases so as to close this gap (King et al, 2007). The meal eaten right before the physical activity is generally described as the meal in which children store the energy they need for the activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and nutrition

Altinci

2017

HumanSciences

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It is possible to raise healthy generations by improving the awareness levels of the role models (parents, teachers etc.) who will shape the perspectives of future parents towards nutrition and physical activity. That children receive adequate levels of nutrition from proper sources, which is vital for children's growth and development, is considerably under the control of external factors (e.g. family and friends' eating habits, third person's care/knowledge and experiences such as teachers/trainers etc.). Considering nutrition and the intense physical activity of preschoolers, which is an inherent characteristic of that development stage, and especially the children who are guided to do more intense physical activity, the case becomes more complex. Thus, with the aim to address children's energy depletion from intense physical activity, it is suggested to provide children with attractive alternatives. Including some of these alternatives, this study aims to reveal the significance of an adequate and balanced diet as well as proper planning of physical activity and periodic assessments at the appropriate time and conditions so that the children who start regular physical activity display optimal performance.

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The effect of a medium-term activity- and diet-induced energy deficit on subjective appetite sensations in obese children

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss

Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss

Programming towards Childhood Obesity

Children and nutrition

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