“…Three-dimensional printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM), generates 3D objects rapidly, efficiently and layer-by-layer based on computer-aided design (CAD), computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) or other digital design tools [1]. Unlike conventional two-dimensional printing, which prints out a two-dimensional pattern presentation or photo plane [2], 3DP can produce complex 3D structures in a shorter cycle and at a lower cost compared to traditional manufacturing. With its high manufacturing efficiency, scalability, low cost and ability to handle complexity, 3DP technology has been applied in many fields, including architecture [3], energy [4], electronics [5], biomedicine [6] and aerospace [7].…”