The ecology of singing in Kloss gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Whitten, Anthony J.

doi:10.1007/bf02693489

Cited by 71 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In indris, we found that once territorial boundaries have been set, neighbouring groups may not necessarily represent a threat to adjacent territory owners (Briefer et al 2008), which can largely ignore and rarely challenge each other (Whitten 1982). At lower population density, as in Betampona (6.9-13.2 ind/km 2 ), a larger territory size and a lower encounter rate have been reported, probably influenced by reduced pressure among neighbouring groups (Glessner & Britt 2005).…”

Section: Territory Exclusivity and Defencementioning

confidence: 76%

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Territory exclusivity and intergroup encounters in the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae: Indri indri) upon methodological tuning

Bonadonna

Torti

Sorrentino

et al. 2017

The European Zoological Journal

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Territorial, socially monogamous species actively defend their home range against conspecifics to maintain exclusive access to resources such as food or mates. Primates use scent marks and loud calls to signal territory occupancy and limit the risk of intergroup encounters, maximizing their energetic balance. Indri indri is a little-studied territorial, socially monogamous singing primate living in family groups. The groups announce territory occupancy with long-distance calls, and actively defend their territories from conspecific intruders. This work includes data collected in three forests in Madagascar on 16 indri groups over up to 5 years. We aimed (1) to estimate the extent of territories using minimum convex polygon (MCP), implementing minimum sampling effort requirements; (2) to quantify territorial exclusivity, measuring the overlap between territories; and (3) to evaluate the intergroup encounter rate and to quantify the dynamics of group encounters. Our results showed that indris range evenly within exclusive small territories with no or little overlap. Intergroup encounters are rare (0.05 encounters per day), and are located on the periphery of the territories. Disputes were mostly solved with vocal confrontation and only in 13% of the cases ended in physical fights. This frame underlines a cost-benefit explanation of territoriality, favouring a strategy that efficiently limits overlap and avoids costly intergroup encounters. We hypothesize that territorial behaviour in indri is related to mate-guarding strategy and that vocal behaviour plays a fundamental role in regulating intergroup spacing dynamics.

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Section: Territory Exclusivity and Defencementioning

confidence: 76%

“…Primates advertise exclusive territory use by emitting keep-out signals, such as loud calls (Whitten 1982;Haimoff 1984;Koda et al 2012), and defend territories by chasing (Struhsaker 1974;Goldizen 1987) and/or attacking all potential competitors (Manson & Wrangham 1991;Benadi et al 2008;Mitani et al 2010;Zhao et al 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Territory exclusivity and intergroup encounters in the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae: Indri indri) upon methodological tuning

Bonadonna

Torti

Sorrentino

et al. 2017

The European Zoological Journal

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“…The reserve was increased in size to 56,500 ha in 1979. In 1980, the World Wildlife Fund (1980) produced "Saving Siberut: A Conservation Master Plan," based largely on the research of Anthony Whitten, Jane Whitten, and Alan House, who conducted their graduate research on Siberut on Kloss's gibbons, squirrels, and vegetation, respectively (Whitten 1980(Whitten , 1982a(Whitten , 1982b(Whitten , 1982c. The recommendations in this publication attempted to reconcile the needs of the traditional societies living on Siberut with the need to protect the wildlife, and suggested: 1) socio-economic development, to make a more effi cient subsistence economy; 2) a system of land-use zones, allowing some traditional use in some areas while creating nature reserves in others; 3) declaring Siberut Island as a United Nations Education, Scientifi c, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Reserve; 4) making forestry practices more sustainable; 5) ecotourism; 6) wildlife management, to allow for sustainable hunting practices; 7) conservation education; and 8) a system of evaluation and monitoring to ensure the success of these measures (Whitten et al 1979;World Wildlife Fund 1980).…”

Section: Siberut National Parkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Conservation Action Plan for the Mentawai Primates

Whittaker

2006

Primate Conservation

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“…Following Chivers, detailed observations of behavior and ecology have been made for nearly all species (except those within the genus Nomascus) including Hoolock hoolock (Tilson, 1979;Ahsan, 2001), Hylobates agilis (Gittins, 1979; Hylobates moloch (Kappeler, 1984), Hylobates muelleri (Leighton and Leighton, 1983), Hylobates lar; (Raemaekers, 1979(Raemaekers, , 1980, Hylobates pileatus (Srikosamatara 1984), and Hylobates klossii (Whitten 1982a;. Long term observations of group formation and dynamics exist for only two species: Symphalangus syndactylus and Hylobates lar (Chivers, 1974;Gittins and Raemaekers, 1980;Palombit, 1997;Bartlett, 1999).…”

Section: 2c Overview Of Gibbon Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I conducted my research in the Nam Kading National Protected Area (NPA) in Bolikhamxay Province of Laos (Fig. 1) using methods developed through past studies of the behavioral ecology of other gibbon genera (e.g., Gittins, 1979;Raemaekers, 1979Raemaekers, , 1980Tilson, 1979;Palombit, 1997;Whitten, 1982a;. Ultimately, evolutionary studies of behavior must be comparative, and the use of similar methods maximized my ability to compare among gibbon species so that I could increase our understanding of the behavior, ecology, and evolution of very poorly known apes, the crested gibbons.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ecology of White-Cheeked Crested Gibbons in Laos

Ruppell

2000

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The endangered white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), native to Laos, Vietnam, and perhaps China, remains little known and highly threatened. I studied seasonal variation in the diet, activity budget, and ranging behavior of three groups of white-cheeked crested gibbons in Nam Kading National Protected Area, Bolikhamxay Province, Laos, over 12 months in wet seasonal evergreen forest. Crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.) are speculated to be more folivorous than other gibbons, but this has never been confirmed because of the paucity of fieldwork on the genus. I studied diet in relation to forest seasonality to determine the contribution of leaves to the diet over an annual cycle. Although leaves were the main dietary item throughout the year (53-85% of monthly diet), gibbons substantially increased their consumption of fruit during periods when it was most abundant in the forest. Because fruit is a calorically rich source of food, gibbons seek fruit when it is abundant and obtained easily. Young leaf consumption increased when they did not have access to fruit, indicating that their diet is flexible but strongly dependent on seasonal availability of resources. In addition, rainfall had a negative association with fruit abundance and fruit in diet.Activity budgets are an important aspect of a species' ecology because they are directly related to home range use, energy allocation, and diet, but they have never before been studied in gibbons (Nomascus spp.) of the rainy, mountainous, forests of Laos.Annually, the three groups that I studied spent nearly equal amounts of time resting (30%), feeding (33%), and traveling (35%), but only a small amount of time singing (2%). However, the proportion of time allocated to different activities showed significant ii seasonal variation associated with rainfall and diet, and correlated with home range use.Gibbons increased traveling time and decreased feeding time when they ate more fruit, and they decreased traveling time and increased feeding time when they ate more leaves.When the gibbons spent more of their time traveling, they also had longer day range lengths, and used a higher percentage of their total home range. Moreover, when rainfall was high, the gibbons decreased traveling time and increased time resting and feeding.Average home range size was 37.9 hectares and daily average distance over which the gibbons ranged over the 12 month study was 1.48 km per day. Differences existed among the three groups. Overall, white-cheeked crested gibbons have a home range similar in size or larger than frugivorous gibbons, and larger than the folivorous siamang. Ranging was highly seasonal with shorter day ranges during times of low fruit availability and consumption. During times of high fruit availability and low rainfall, the gibbons took on an energy maximizing strategy where they maintained large home ranges, traveled longer distances and consumed larger quantities of fruit.Gibbons and their habitat in Laos have faced continuous threats over the past 10 years ...

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The ecology of singing in Kloss gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

Territory exclusivity and intergroup encounters in the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae: Indri indri) upon methodological tuning

Territory exclusivity and intergroup encounters in the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae: Indri indri) upon methodological tuning

A Conservation Action Plan for the Mentawai Primates

Ecology of White-Cheeked Crested Gibbons in Laos

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