The Dutch PCB/dioxin study Development of a method for the determination of dioxins, planar and other PCBs in human milk

Tuinstra, L.G.M.Th.; Traag, W.A.; Rhijn, J.A. van; Spreng, P.F. van de

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90352-2

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Levels of dioxins, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB were determined by HRGC/MS, basically as described by Tuinstra et al [13]. Prior to extraction, 13 C-labeled dioxins and dioxin-like PCB were added to the eel fat samples.…”

Section: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Pcb Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of the DR CALUX® bioassay and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls for screening of elevated levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in eel

Hoogenboom¹,

Bovee²,

Traag³

et al. 2006

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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The DR CALUX bioassay is a very suitable screening method for dioxins and dioxin-like-PCBs in feed and food. This was, e. g. demonstrated in a survey in the Netherlands to control the dioxin levels in eel. The DR CALUX assay, but also indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were evaluated as a screening method. Based on the limit for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) [at that time 8 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g eel], and the relation between PCDD/F and dioxin-like-PCB, a decision limit of 30 pg TEQ/g eel was used for screening of 153 field samples. Suspected samples (21) and part of the higher contaminated negative samples (35) were analyzed by GC/MS for dioxins, non-ortho, mono-ortho and indicator PCB, revealing 13 samples exceeding the action limit of 30 pg TEQ/g eel. Only one sample slightly exceeded the dioxin level of 8 pg TEQ/g eel. The relatively low sensitivity for mono-ortho PCB was overcome by the use of reference samples, as shown by the correlation of 0.93 between GC/MS and CALUX determined total TEQ levels. The present data show that the DR CALUX assay can be used for screening of total TEQ levels in eel. The use for dioxins only requires a safe, and therefore relatively low, decision limit. The indicator PCB also showed a good correlation with total TEQ levels, mainly due to the large contribution of the mono-ortho PCB at higher concentrations. The relation with dioxins was very poor and as such indicator PCB seem less suitable than the DR CALUX assay for screening for dioxins only. The present study clearly shows that part of the wild eel samples contains high total TEQ levels and will exceed the future European Union limit of 12 pg TEQ/g eel for dioxins and dioxin-like PCB. Especially at high TEQ levels, dioxin-like PCB contribute most to the total TEQ. In practice, wild eel presents only a minor part of the eel consumed.

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Section: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Pcb Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior to extraction, 13 C-labeled dioxins and dioxin-like PCB were added to the eel fat samples. Separation between dioxins and fat was carried out using gel permeation chromatography.…”

Section: Dioxin and Dioxin-like Pcb Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of the DR CALUX® bioassay and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls for screening of elevated levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in eel

Hoogenboom¹,

Bovee²,

Traag³

et al. 2006

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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“…The solvent was evaporated from the extracts and the remaining concentrates were sent to RIKILT (Wageningen, The Netherlands) for analysis by GC-HRMS of PCDD/Fs and DLPCBs. Concentrations of dioxins, non-ortho and mono-ortho PCB were determined by GC-HRMS, according to the method of Tuinstra et al [15]. Separation between the target compounds and fat was carried out using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).…”

Section: Pcdd/fs and Dl-pcbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in fish from the Netherlands: concentrations, profiles and comparison with DR CALUX® bioassay results

Leeuwen

Leonards

Traag³

et al. 2007

Anal Bioanal Chem

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Fish from Dutch markets were analysed for concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) and compared with the new European maximum residue levels (MRLs), set in 2006. In a first study on 11 different fish and shellfish from various locations, concentrations of PCDD/Fs were nearly all below the MRL for PCDD/Fs [4 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ) per gram wet weight (ww)] and nearly all below 8 pg total TEQ/g ww, the new MRL for the sum of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs. Some samples exceeded the total TEQ MRL, such as anchovy, tuna and sea bass. Furthermore, 20 (out of 39) wild eel samples exceeded the specific MRL for eel (12 pg total TEQ/g ww), as the study revealed PCDD/F TEQ levels of 0.2-7.9 pg TEQ/g ww and total TEQ values of 0.9 to 52 pg/g ww. TEQ levels in farmed and imported eel were lower and complied with the MRLs. Smoking eel, a popular tradition in the Netherlands, only had marginal effects on PCDD/F and DL-PCB concentrations. Owing to volatilization, concentrations of lowerchlorinated PCBs were reduced to below the limit of quantification after smoking. DL-PCBs contributed 61-97% to the total TEQ in all eel samples. This also holds for other fish and shellfish (except shrimps): DL-PCB contributed (on average) from 53 (herring) to 83% (tuna) to the total TEQ. Principal-component analysis revealed distinctive congener profiles for PCDD/Fs and non-ortho PCBs for mussels, pikeperch, herring and various Mediterranean fish. The application of new TCDD toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) set by the World Health Organization in 2006 (to replace the 1997 TEFs) resulted in lower TEQ values, mainly owing to a decreased mono-ortho PCB contribution. This decrease is most pronounced for eel, owing to the relative high monoortho PCB concentrations in eel. Consequently, a larger number of samples would comply with the MRLs when the new TEFs are applied. The DR CALUX® assay may be used for screening total TEQ levels in eel, in combination with gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry confirmation of suspected samples. An almost 1:1 correlation was found when the 1997 TEFs were applied, but, surprisingly, a 1.4-fold overestimation occurred with application of the 2006 TEFs.

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“…Seventeen individual dioxin congener and 24 PCB congener levels were measured. Congener specific analyses of PCDD, PCDF, and PCB were carried out using previously described methods (31). The international toxic equivalence factor approach was used for PCDD and PCDF (32) and the WHO 1993 approach for PCB (33).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunologic Effects of Background Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Dutch Infants

et al. 1995

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Immunologic effccts of pre-and postnatal polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/dioxin exposure in Dutch infants from birth to 18 mo of agc are explored. The total study group consisted of 207 healthy mother-infant pairs, of which 105 infants were breast-fed and 102 children were bottle-fed. Prenatal PCB exposure was estimated by the PCB sum (PCB congeners 118, 138, 153, and 180) in maternal blood and the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) level in human milk (17 dioxin and 8 dioxin-like PCB congeners). Postnatal PCBIdioxin exposure was calculated as a product of the total TEQ level in human milk multiplied by the weeks of breast-feeding. The number of periods with rhinitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, and otitis during the first 18 mo of life was used as an estimate of the health status of the infants. Humoral immunity was measured at 18 mo of age by detecting antibody levels to mumps, measles, and rubella. White blood cell counts (monocytes, granulocytes, and Iymphocytcs) and immunologic marker analyses CD4 ' T-lymphocytes, CD8+ T-lymphocytes, activated T-lymphocytes (HLA-DR.'-CD3+), as well as T cell receptor (TcR) cyp'., TcRySt, CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD45ROi' T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes (CDIYf andlor CD20t) and NK cells (CD16' and/or CD56+/CD3-) in cord blood and venous blood at 3 and 18 mo of age were assessed in a subgroup of 55 PrenataI and postnatal exposure to PCDD, PCDF, and PCB produce a wide spectrum of toxic effects in animals, including body weight loss, hepatotoxicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, alterations in the thy-

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The Dutch PCB/dioxin study Development of a method for the determination of dioxins, planar and other PCBs in human milk

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

The use of the DR CALUX® bioassay and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls for screening of elevated levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in eel

The use of the DR CALUX® bioassay and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls for screening of elevated levels of dioxins and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls in eel

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in fish from the Netherlands: concentrations, profiles and comparison with DR CALUX® bioassay results

Immunologic Effects of Background Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Dioxins and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Dutch Infants

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