The duration of breast-feeding.<i>A longitudinal prospective study in Denmark</i>

Vestermark, Vibeke; Høgdall, Claus; Plenov, G; Birch, Michael; Toftager-Larsen, Kim

doi:10.1177/140349489101900205

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Another reason for the successful initiation of breast-feeding could be the mother's intention to breastfeed (14). Operative delivery was not an independent predictor of reduced breastfeeding in our study, probably due to similar postbirth practices in all infants of diabetic women (15,16).…”

Section: Breast-feeding In Women With Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 50%

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Stage

Nørgård²,

Damm³

et al. 2006

Diabetes Care

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OBJECTIVE -Breast-feeding may be more difficult in women with diabetes because of neonatal morbidity and fluctuating maternal blood glucose values. The frequency of long-term breast-feeding and the possible predictors for successful breast-feeding were investigated.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -One hundred two consecutive women with type 1 diabetes were interviewed about breast-feeding using a semistructured questionnaire 5 days and 4 months after delivery. Clinical data were collected from the medical records.RESULTS -Five days after delivery, 86% of the women were breast-feeding. Four months after delivery, 55 (54%) women were exclusively, 14 (14%) were partly, and 33 (32%) were not breast-feeding compared with 50, 26, and 24% in the background population (NS). Mothers exclusively breast-feeding at 4 months were characterized by previous experience with breastfeeding, a higher educational level, and vaginal delivery and included a high proportion of nonsmokers, whereas there were no associations with diabetes-related parameters such as white classes, duration of diabetes, HbA 1c , and insulin dose at conception. Breast-fed offspring had a significantly higher birth weight and gestational age and were less often receiving glucose intravenously compared with the remaining offspring. Independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months were previous experience with breast-feeding (odds ratio 6.3 [95% CI 2.4 -17]) and higher educational level (7.1 [2.4 -21]). Cessation of breast-feeding was mainly due to common nursing problems, such as perceived milk supply, and not related to maternal diabetes status.CONCLUSIONS -The majority of the women with type 1 diabetes initiated breast-feeding, and the prevalence of breast-feeding at 4 months was comparable to that in the background population. Independent predictors of exclusive breast-feeding at 4 months were previous experience with breast-feeding and higher educational level. Diabetes Care 29:771-774, 2006I n Denmark, as well as globally, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended for the first 4 -6 months of life (1,2). Health care workers are encouraged to play a role in promoting breast-feeding and providing mothers with the appropriate information and support (1). In women with diabetes, much attention is given during pregnancy to preventing morbidity for both mother and child (3), whereas less attention is paid to breastfeeding (4). Breast-feeding is suggested to prevent future diseases and may prevent future obesity (2,5). Breast-feeding probably protects against the development of both type 1 diabetes (6,7) and type 2 diabetes (8) in offspring. Therefore, it is of special importance to encourage women with diabetes to breast-feed for at least 4 -6 months and to prevent early exposure of their offspring to cow's milk. Breast-feeding in women with type 1 diabetes may be more difficult to establish and of shorter duration compared with the background population because of increased maternal and neonatal morbidity.Fluctuating maternal blood glucose values with...

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Section: Breast-feeding In Women With Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 50%

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Stage

Nørgård²,

Damm³

et al. 2006

Diabetes Care

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“…Women who previously breastfed longer are more likely to do so again (31,32), and longer lactation would reduce concentrations of PFOS and PFOA by excreting them into breast milk (27,(33)(34)(35). Thus, the association we observed between the duration of breastfeeding and PFC among multiparous women may therefore reflect previous breastfeeding experiences and explain the lower concentrations of PFC among women who breastfed for a longer time, as indicated by our simple sensitivity analysis.…”

Section: Fei Et Almentioning

confidence: 58%

“…However, almost all women in Denmark receive paid maternity leave for at least six months postpartum, and they receive strong support from midwives, lactation consultants, and other health providers after delivery. Breastfeeding practice is almost universal and rarely terminated during the first six months if it occurs without problems (31,39); thus, the influence of certain social variables on breastfeeding practices is likely to be minimal. Furthermore, it is unlikely that cosmetic or other non-medical reasons for terminating breastfeeding correlated with plasma PFC concentrations.…”

Section: Fei Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and duration of breastfeeding

Fei

McLaughlin

Lipworth³

et al. 2010

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Turning to more recent times, in the USA, in 1989, 58.5% of white mothers began to breast-feed their infants in hospital; at 6 months, 21.0% were still lactating 16 . In a study made in Denmark, the corresponding proportion at 6 months was much higher, 73% 17 . It is noteworthy that during the same period, while 23% of African-American mothers initiated breast-feeding, only 6.4% continued for 6 months 14 .…”

Section: Breast-feeding Trends In Developed Populationsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Breast-feeding in sub-Saharan Africa: outlook for 2000

Walker

Adam

2000

Public Health Nutr.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) has stressed that 1.5 million infants die annually, unnecessarily, from deprival or from insuf®ciency of breast milk. Hence, the need for its maximal use, very particularly in impoverished populations, such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. In many developed populations, a generation ago the practice was very low, but now it has risen considerably. In contrast, in Africa and in most developing populations, despite the far greater need for breast-feeding, the practice is tending to decrease, especially among urban mothers. While the most common reasons given concern insuf®ciency of breast milk and employment of mothers, the latter, especially urban mothers, are under strong and increasing pressure to use proprietary replacement foods. These are often made up unsatisfactorily and are contaminated. Also in¯uential are the often less than enthusiastic, and confusing, attitudes of staff at clinics and hospitals, albeit, due in part to their very heavy workloads. Additionally, there is society's relatively indifferent attitude to breastfeeding. Currently, a hugely adverse factor is the danger of human immunode®ciency virus (HIV) transference from seropositive mothers to their infants ± in some African countries almost half of antenatal mothers are infected. Chances of early control of the infection are remote. However, apart from this danger, and from the pressure from replacement food companies, the outlook for breast-feeding practice in many African countries is unlikely to improve signi®cantly until greater encouragement is given from State, local and other health authorities. Keywords Breast-feeding bene®ts Developed populations African populations Breast milk substitutes HIVWhat is the magnitude of the problem at issue? How important to the health of the infant is the choice of breastfeeding or not breast-feeding? As noted in a recent editorial 1 , WHO has estimated that 1.5 million infant deaths per year could have been prevented had they been breast-fed 2 . In a low income country, evidence indicates that arti®cial feeding would produce an excess of postneonatal deaths at 6 months ranging from 13% at 10% prevalence of arti®cial feeding, to 59% at 100% of arti®cial feeding 3 .It is noteworthy that compared with the recent past, developed populations are experiencing an increase in breast-feeding initiation rates and in the duration of the practice; whereas, unfortunately, and in contrast, in developing populations the rate and the duration of breastfeeding appear to be decreasing, especially among urban mothers 4±6 . In seeking to throw light on the outlook for breastfeeding in sub-Saharan African populations, after brie¯y describing the bene®ts from the practice, the intention is to indicate trends in this regard, past and present. This will be done, ®rst, for perspective, in developed populations and then in sub-Saharan African populations. Next, primary in¯uencing factors will be discussed, and then, from the information gathered, an answer will be sought ± what ar...

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The duration of breast-feeding.A longitudinal prospective study in Denmark

Cited by 41 publications

References 10 publications

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Maternal concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and duration of breastfeeding

Breast-feeding in sub-Saharan Africa: outlook for 2000

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