The Dead Sea Mud and Salt: A Review of Its Characterization, Contaminants, and Beneficial Effects

Bawab, Abeer Al; Bozeya, Ayat; Abu-Mallouh, Saida; Irmaileh, Basha’er Abu; Daqour, Ismail; Abu‐Zurayk, Rund

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/305/1/012003

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The chemical composition of the Dead Sea brains consists of several salts with the approximate (weight/weight) percentages: magnesium chloride (14.5%), sodium chloride (7.5%), calcium chloride (3.8%), potassium chloride (1.2%) and magnesium bromide 0.5% (Al Bawab et al 2017;Es-Shahat et al 2003). The average ion concentrations of the Dead Sea brine over the period of 1987 to 2008 are reported, and it is found that the major ion composition of the Dead Sea is chloride as a dominant anion and magnesium, sodium and calcium as the dominant cations (Khlaifat et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Dead Sea water and mud are rich sources of minerals that enable them to be used as therapeutic agents, for climatotherapy and for cosmetic production (Harat et al 2016). However, the presence of heavy metals in the Sea's water and mud may have potential risk for the local population and for cosmetic industry based on the black mud (Al Bawab et al 2017). For that reason, the composition of Dead Sea water and mud has been investigated by different groups as early as 1960.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The levels were found to be within the acceptable levels that are harmless to consumers. Quantitative determination of some heavy metals in mud samples was done by chelating agents and then analyzed according to EPA3050B method (Al Bawab et al 2017). The averages for the metals' contents in ppm were: .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

El‐khateeb

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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The unique climatic condition of the Dead Sea area makes it a renowned site for climatotherapy worldwide. Its water and mud are used for therapy and as sources for many cosmetic products. The high evaporation rate of the water of the Dead Sea makes the measurements of its minerals' concentrations with time a necessity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the metal contents in both water and mud of the Dead Sea which may have influence on human health. Major, minor and trace elements (Na,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

El‐khateeb

2020

Int J Energ Water Res

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“…Peloids for dermocosmetic and wellness applications are characterised by their varied composition in minerals and trace elements. The moisturising, soothing, and regenerating properties of the Dead Sea mud are attributed to a high magnesium content [31], which is well known for its anti-inflammatory and antiphlogistic effects and for its capacity to inhibit the polyamines involved in psoriasis pathogenesis [7]. Dead Sea mud also exhibits antimicrobial action, which is attributed to the high salt and sulphide concentrations plus its low pH, and it is therefore used in the treatment of acne [31].…”

Section: Minerals and Trace Elements In Dermocosmetic Peloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microalgal Peloids for Cosmetic and Wellness Uses

2021

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Peloids have been used for therapeutic purposes since time immemorial, mainly in the treatment of locomotor system pathologies and dermatology. Their effects are attributed to their components, i.e., to the properties and action of mineral waters, clays, and their biological fraction, which may be made up of microalgae, cyanobacteria, and other organisms present in water and clays. There are many studies on the therapeutic use of peloids made with microalgae/cyanobacteria, but very little research has been done on dermocosmetic applications. Such research demonstrates their potential as soothing, regenerating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. In this work, a method for the manufacture of a dermocosmetic peloid is presented based on the experience of the authors and existing publications, with indications for its characterization and study of its efficacy.

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“…According to the definition given by the "International Society of Medical Hydrology", muds (peloids) and clays (8) are "substances formed in natural conditions under the influence of geological processes and which, mixed with water (9), are used in medical practice in the form of baths or local procedures (10). Muds are earths or rocks of a pasty consistency, used as therapeutic remedies or cosmetics (11) from remote times. Some beneficial effects of mud are known empirically from antiquity, others have been described and studied quite recently, some have remained today in the stage of summary explanation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mud therapy and rehabilitation - scientific relevance in the last six years (2015 – 2020) Systematic literature review and meta-analysis based on the PRISMA paradigm

Munteanu¹,

Rotariu

Dogaru

et al. 2020

Balneo and PRM Research Journal

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Background. Balneotherapy is a stimulation - adaptation treatment method applied in the forms of bathing, drinking, and inhalation cures performed with natural therapeutic factors, a method which is acting in three main ways: thermally, mechanically, and chemically. Mud or peloids are natural therapeutic factors formed by natural processes under the influence of biological and geological phenomena, which in a finely dissolved state and mixed with water (mud) are used in medical practice in the form of baths or local procedures. Objective. This systematic review aims to rigorously select related articles and identify within their content, the main possible uses of therapeutic mud and physiological mechanisms, to see the main region of scientific interest for pelotherapy, and to discuss the value of mud therapy in rehabilitation medicine. Methods. The working method is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched for open-access articles published in English, between January 2015 and December 2020, from the following databases: Cochrane, Elsevier, NCBI/PubMed, NCBI/PMC, PEDro, and ISI Web of Knowledge/Science (the latter was also used to identify ISI indexed articles). The contextually searched syntax used was ”Pelotherapy/Peloidotherapy/Mud-therapy/ /Fango-therapy AND Rehabilitation”. The selected articles were analyzed in detail regarding pathologies addressed by mud therapy and country scientific relevance for this therapeutic method. The meta-analysis proceeded was designated to estimate the prevalence of various pathologies in the use of mud therapy. Results. Our search identified, first, 394 articles. Based on the successive filtering stages and, respectively, on the classification criteria of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), we finally identified/retained and analyzed 68 articles. Although, in principle, a rigorous method – and we have followed the PRISMA type paradigm – there still might be some missing works of our related article selection. On the other hand, to augment/ consolidate our documentation base, we have used also 40 papers freely found in the literature, and even – aiming, too, at an as exhaustive knowledge underpinning as possible – derogatively, we have also considered some articles which, probably being very new, couldn't yet have reached the PEDro threshold score we have settled. Conclusions. This paper overviews the current state-of-the-art knowledge in the approach of peloidotherapy in rehabilitation, with a focal point on the therapeutic properties of peloids. Keywords: mud-therapy, pelotherapy, peloidotherapy, fango therapy, rehabilitation, balneotherapy, natural therapeutic factors,

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The Dead Sea Mud and Salt: A Review of Its Characterization, Contaminants, and Beneficial Effects

Cited by 11 publications

References 48 publications

Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

Determination of metals’ contents in the Dead Sea’s water, mud and sediments

Microalgal Peloids for Cosmetic and Wellness Uses

Mud therapy and rehabilitation - scientific relevance in the last six years (2015 – 2020) Systematic literature review and meta-analysis based on the PRISMA paradigm

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