The D4 Dopamine Receptor Gene Maps on 11p Proximal to HRAS

Petronis, Artūras; Tol, Hubert H.M. Van; Lichter, Jay B.; Livak, Kenneth J.; Kennedy, Juliet

doi:10.1006/geno.1993.1445

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The order of HRAS and DRD4 has also been in question since opposite orientations have been inferred in two different multipoint linkage analyses (Gelernter et al, 1992;Petronis et al, 1993). DRD4 was located proximal to HRAS by both restriction mapping (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ordered NotI Fragment Map of Human Chromosome Band 11p15

et al. 1994

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ordered NotI Fragment Map of Human Chromosome Band 11p15

et al. 1994

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“…The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been mapped to chromosome 11p15.5 (Gelernter et al 1992;Petronis et al 1993). Given that abnormalities in the dopamine neurotransmitter system have been hypothesized to underlie ADHD (Levy 1991), the genes that code for the dopamine receptors have been identiWed as candidate loci for ADHD.…”

Section: Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene (Drd4)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review

2009

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Quantitative genetic studies (i.e., twin and adoption studies) suggest that genetic influences contribute substantially to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Over the past 15 years, considerable efforts have been made to identify genes involved in the etiology of this disorder resulting in a large and often conflicting literature of candidate gene associations for ADHD. The first aim of the present study was to conduct a comprehensive meta-analytic review of this literature to determine which candidate genes show consistent evidence of association with childhood ADHD across studies. The second aim was to test for heterogeneity across studies in the effect sizes for each candidate gene as its presence might suggest moderating variables that could explain inconsistent results. Significant associations were identified for several candidate genes including DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, 5HTT, HTR1B, and SNAP25. Further, significant heterogeneity was observed for the associations between ADHD and DAT1, DRD4, DRD5, DBH, ADRA2A, 5HTT, TPH2, MAOA, and SNAP25, suggesting that future studies should explore potential moderators of these associations (e.g., ADHD subtype diagnoses, gender, exposure to environmental risk factors). We conclude with a discussion of these findings in relation to emerging themes relevant to future studies of the genetics of ADHD.

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“…The DRD4 gene is a 48-bp VNTR on exon 3, located on chromosome 11p15.5 [Gelernter et al, 1992;Petronis et al, 1993]. Allele variants produce structural differences in the 3rd intracellular loop of the D4 receptor, which belongs to the D 2 receptor family, and couples to pre-and post-synaptic G-protein effectors.…”

Section: Neuropsychiatric Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta‐analysis of the heterogeneity in association of DRD4 7‐repeat allele and AD/HD: Stronger association with AD/HD combined type

Smith

2010

American J of Med Genetics Pt B

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The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine whether association studies between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and the dopamine receptor 4 gene 7-repeat (DRD4 7R) allele vary systematically based on study characteristics. A total of 27 empirical studies with 28 distinct samples using either case-control or family-based association analyses were included. Consistent with previous meta-analytic work [Gizer et al. (2009), Hum Genet 126:51-90], the DRD4 7R allele was associated with AD/HD across studies (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.16-1.53, z = 4.04, P = 0.00005) and there was significant systematic variability among studies (Q = 54.24; P = 0.001; I(2) = 50.22). To account for the variability among studies, sample and study level covariates were examined. No differences in overall effect size emerged between family-based and case-control studies. However, the risk allele frequency in the control population accounted for a significant portion of the variance in overall effect size within case-control studies. In addition, evidence for the association between the DRD4 7R allele and distinct AD/HD subtypes emerged across family-based and case-control studies. The proportion of AD/HD, combined type individuals within the AD/HD sample was associated with a significant increase in the magnitude of association between the DRD4 7R allele and AD/HD. Conversely, an increase in the proportion of AD/HD, predominantly inattentive type individuals within the AD/HD sample was associated with a decrease in study effect size. Implications regarding AD/HD etiological and phenotypic heterogeneity are discussed.

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The D4 Dopamine Receptor Gene Maps on 11p Proximal to HRAS

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

An Ordered NotI Fragment Map of Human Chromosome Band 11p15

An Ordered NotI Fragment Map of Human Chromosome Band 11p15

Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review

Meta‐analysis of the heterogeneity in association of DRD4 7‐repeat allele and AD/HD: Stronger association with AD/HD combined type

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