The cynomolgus monkey as a model for orbital research. I. Normal anatomy

Distribution of 14C-Latanoprost Following a Single Intracameral Administration Versus Repeated Topical Administration

“…Although dogs are useful models for the evaluation of ocular drug distribution, their aqueous outflow systems differ from those in humans. In contrast, the orbital anatomy of cynomolgus monkeys and humans is very similar [31], and the aqueous drainage apparatus in cynomolgus monkeys is anatomically similar to that in humans [32]. To confirm that intracameral administration has a greater targeted tissue effect, cynomolgus monkeys were also used.…”

Distribution of 14C-Latanoprost Following a Single Intracameral Administration Versus Repeated Topical Administration

“…Although dogs are useful models for the evaluation of ocular drug distribution, their aqueous outflow systems differ from those in humans. In contrast, the orbital anatomy of cynomolgus monkeys and humans is very similar [31], and the aqueous drainage apparatus in cynomolgus monkeys is anatomically similar to that in humans [32]. To confirm that intracameral administration has a greater targeted tissue effect, cynomolgus monkeys were also used.…”

Graves' ophthalmopathy: What is the evidence for extraocular muscle specific autoantibodies

“…It is important to know that anatomical studies of the orbit, both in man [24] and in the cynomolgus monkey [36], have shown an intimate relationship between the orbital connective tissue and the extraocular muscles. Not only does each extraocular muscle have its own connective tissue system around the muscle but the connective tissue also penetrates into the muscle.…”

Autonomic pathways in the orbit of the human fetus and the rhesus monkey

“…The cranial nerves stain weakly, the autonomic nerve fibers (ANF) intensely and the SMF moderately (Figs. 5,7,9,17,21) with the AChE staining method. Fatty tissue, bony elements and connective tissue are devoid of AChE stain.…”

“…In order to obtain a better understanding of the functional anatomy of smooth muscles (vascular and non-vascular, in this case the superior and inferior tarsal muscles and the orbital muscle) and their innervation, there is need for an adequate animal model. The rhesus monkey orbit has been accepted as a good model system [5][6][7]. However, the pathways of the autonomic nerves towards smooth muscle fibers in the orbit are still not known in detail [4,5,16,22,23].…”

“…In the autonomic innervation ofintraorbital structures the two (classically parasympathetic) ganglia, the pterygopalatine and the ciliary ganglion, play an important role [4,7,14,20,21]. An ocular parasympathetic pathway of facial nerve origin, additional to the oculomotor supply through the ciliary ganglion, has been demonstrated in cats [14], rats, rabbits [13] and monkeys [19,20].…”

Distribution of 14C-Latanoprost Following a Single Intracameral Administration Versus Repeated Topical Administration

“…Although dogs are useful models for the evaluation of ocular drug distribution, their aqueous outflow systems differ from those in humans. In contrast, the orbital anatomy of cynomolgus monkeys and humans is very similar [31], and the aqueous drainage apparatus in cynomolgus monkeys is anatomically similar to that in humans [32]. To confirm that intracameral administration has a greater targeted tissue effect, cynomolgus monkeys were also used.…”

Graves' ophthalmopathy: What is the evidence for extraocular muscle specific autoantibodies

“…It is important to know that anatomical studies of the orbit, both in man [24] and in the cynomolgus monkey [36], have shown an intimate relationship between the orbital connective tissue and the extraocular muscles. Not only does each extraocular muscle have its own connective tissue system around the muscle but the connective tissue also penetrates into the muscle.…”

Autonomic pathways in the orbit of the human fetus and the rhesus monkey

“…The cranial nerves stain weakly, the autonomic nerve fibers (ANF) intensely and the SMF moderately (Figs. 5,7,9,17,21) with the AChE staining method. Fatty tissue, bony elements and connective tissue are devoid of AChE stain.…”

“…In order to obtain a better understanding of the functional anatomy of smooth muscles (vascular and non-vascular, in this case the superior and inferior tarsal muscles and the orbital muscle) and their innervation, there is need for an adequate animal model. The rhesus monkey orbit has been accepted as a good model system [5][6][7]. However, the pathways of the autonomic nerves towards smooth muscle fibers in the orbit are still not known in detail [4,5,16,22,23].…”

“…In the autonomic innervation ofintraorbital structures the two (classically parasympathetic) ganglia, the pterygopalatine and the ciliary ganglion, play an important role [4,7,14,20,21]. An ocular parasympathetic pathway of facial nerve origin, additional to the oculomotor supply through the ciliary ganglion, has been demonstrated in cats [14], rats, rabbits [13] and monkeys [19,20].…”

Distribution of 14C-Latanoprost Following a Single Intracameral Administration Versus Repeated Topical Administration

“…Although dogs are useful models for the evaluation of ocular drug distribution, their aqueous outflow systems differ from those in humans. In contrast, the orbital anatomy of cynomolgus monkeys and humans is very similar [31], and the aqueous drainage apparatus in cynomolgus monkeys is anatomically similar to that in humans [32]. To confirm that intracameral administration has a greater targeted tissue effect, cynomolgus monkeys were also used.…”

Graves' ophthalmopathy: What is the evidence for extraocular muscle specific autoantibodies

“…It is important to know that anatomical studies of the orbit, both in man [24] and in the cynomolgus monkey [36], have shown an intimate relationship between the orbital connective tissue and the extraocular muscles. Not only does each extraocular muscle have its own connective tissue system around the muscle but the connective tissue also penetrates into the muscle.…”

Autonomic pathways in the orbit of the human fetus and the rhesus monkey

“…The cranial nerves stain weakly, the autonomic nerve fibers (ANF) intensely and the SMF moderately (Figs. 5,7,9,17,21) with the AChE staining method. Fatty tissue, bony elements and connective tissue are devoid of AChE stain.…”

“…In order to obtain a better understanding of the functional anatomy of smooth muscles (vascular and non-vascular, in this case the superior and inferior tarsal muscles and the orbital muscle) and their innervation, there is need for an adequate animal model. The rhesus monkey orbit has been accepted as a good model system [5][6][7]. However, the pathways of the autonomic nerves towards smooth muscle fibers in the orbit are still not known in detail [4,5,16,22,23].…”

“…In the autonomic innervation ofintraorbital structures the two (classically parasympathetic) ganglia, the pterygopalatine and the ciliary ganglion, play an important role [4,7,14,20,21]. An ocular parasympathetic pathway of facial nerve origin, additional to the oculomotor supply through the ciliary ganglion, has been demonstrated in cats [14], rats, rabbits [13] and monkeys [19,20].…”