We found that Escherichia coli grown in media with >37 mM phosphate maintained a high polyphosphate level in late stationary phase, which could account for changes in gene expression and enzyme activities that enhance stationary-phase fitness.Polyphosphate (poly-P) is a long-chain polymer composed of many orthophosphates linked together by high-energy ATPlike bonds. Studied mainly in prokaryotes, poly-P plays an important role as an energy source, as a regulator of gene expression, as a store of inorganic phosphate, and as a chelator of heavy metals (8, 10). The main enzymes associated with poly-P metabolism in bacteria are the polyphosphate kinase (PPK, encoded by ppk) and the exopolyphosphatase (PPX, encoded by ppx) (1, 2). The ppk ppx double mutant exhibits greatly reduced synthesis of poly-P, is deficient in stationaryphase functions, and lacks resistance to different stresses (6,17).Previously, we found that expression of several respiratory (ndh, sdhC, ubiC, nuoAB, and cydA) and defense (katG and ahpC) genes was maintained in late stationary phase when the medium's phosphate concentration was above 37 mM (24, 25). Furthermore, Escherichia coli cells grown in medium containing this critical phosphate concentration had high viability, low oxidative damage, and elevated resistance to external H 2 O 2 stress in late stationary phase (25).We examined the relationship between the medium's phosphate concentration and intracellular poly-P levels in the wildtype and ppk ppx mutant strains to see if the previously observed effects on gene expression, enzyme activity, and tolerance to H 2 O 2 were correlated with elevated poly-P levels.Measurements of poly-P level in whole cells. Intracellular poly-P was measured in cell suspensions by using a DAPI (4Ј,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-based fluorescence approach (3). Cells were washed and resuspended in buffer T (100 mM Tris HCl [pH 7.5]). DAPI (Sigma) was added to 10 M in cuvettes containing cell suspensions in buffer T at an optical density at 560 nm of 0.02. After 5 min of agitation at 37°C, the DAPI fluorescence spectra (excitation, 415 nm; emission, 445 to 650 nm) were recorded using an ISS PCI spectrofluorometer (Champaign, IL). The fluorescence (in arbitrary units) of the DAPI-poly-P complex at 550 nm was used as a measure of intracellular poly-P because fluorescence emissions from free DAPI and from DAPI-DNA are minimal at this wavelength (3).We first compared various conditions for preparing the cell samples, using exponential-phase cells grown aerobically in LB medium at 37°C (Fig.