The costs of immunity and the evolution of immunological defense mechanisms

McKean, Kurt A.; Lazzaro, Brian P.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568765.003.0023

Cited by 52 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Deployment costs, or the costs of mounting an immune response (79, 91), can be experimentally measured in terms of alterations to physiological allocation before and after infectious challenge (e.g., 15). Immunological maintenance costs (79, 91), however, are experimentally revealed by comparing reproductive potential in the absence of infection among genetic strains with high resistance to infection with those with low resistance (e.g., 142, 143). Because of the experimental methodology employed, maintenance trade-offs are almost always revealed as evolutionary, although they must certainly have physiological basis.…”

Section: Infection and Immune Activation Reduce Reproductive Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproduction–Immunity Trade-Offs in Insects

Schwenke

Lazzaro

Wolfner

2016

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

451

485

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Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased reproductive effort results in reduced immunity, and reciprocally, infection and activation of the immune system reduce reproductive output. This trade-off can manifest at the physiological level (within an individual) and at the evolutionary level (genetic distinction among individuals in a population). The resource allocation model posits that the trade-off arises because of competition for one or more limiting resources, and we hypothesize that pleiotropic signaling mechanisms regulate allocation of that resource between reproductive and immune processes. We examine the role of juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-like signaling in regulating both oogenesis and immune system activity, and propose a signaling network that may mechanistically regulate the trade-off. Finally, we discuss implications of the trade-off in an ecological and evolutionary context.

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Section: Infection and Immune Activation Reduce Reproductive Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproduction–Immunity Trade-Offs in Insects

Schwenke

Lazzaro

Wolfner

2016

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

451

485

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“…It is generally thought that mounting an immune response is physiologically costly and that standing immunity negatively impacts other fitness traits. Populations of D. melanogaster have been used for artificial selection for resistance to infection by microbes or parasitoids, and the evolution of other fitness-related traits is a typical result of such studies (summarized by McKean and Lazzaro [16]). Conversely, artificial selection on life history traits can affect immunity; Modak et al [17] documented that D. melanogaster selected for decreased development time exhibited a shorter time to death following introduction of E. coli than unselected controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sigma Virus (DMelSV) Incidence in Lines of Drosophila melanogaster Selected for Survival following Infection with Bacillus cereus

Bentz

Humphrey

Harshman

et al. 2017

Psyche: A Journal of Entomology

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The immune response of Drosophila melanogaster is complex and involves both specific and general responses to parasites. In this study we tested for cross-immunity for bacteria and viruses by scoring the incidence of infection with the vertically transmitted Sigma virus (DMelSV) in the progeny of a cross between females transmitting DMelSV at high frequencies and males from lines subjected to three selection regimes related to resistance to Bacillus cereus. There was no significant difference in transmission of DMelSV among selection regimes, though results suggest that the B. cereus selected lines had lower rates of infection by DMelSV. We found a significant difference in viral infection with respect to the sex of the progeny, with males consistently less likely to be infected than females. Given a finite energy budget, flies that have experienced immune system challenge may show alterations in other life history traits. Later eclosing progeny were also less likely to be infected than earlier eclosing progeny, indicating a relationship with development time. Finally, there was a significant interaction between the timing of collection and the sex of the progeny, such that later eclosing males were the most resistant group. Increased development time is sometimes associated with increased energy acquisition; from this perspective, increased development time may be associated with acquiring sufficient resources for effective resistance.

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“…A trade-off between immunity and other fitness-related traits (as reported in Fernando et al, 2014;Hahn and Smith, 2011;Kraaijeveld and Godfray, 1997;Libert et al, 2006;Ye et al, 2009) can explain the existence of genetic diversity in immunity: existence of immune and susceptible individuals in a population (for a review, see McKean and Lazzaro, 2011). Most of these reports are from experimental evolution under high selection pressures that might have led to the selection of only efficient but costly alleles but exclude the adaptable alleles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%