The controversies of parabens – an overview nowadays

Petrić, Zvonimir; Ružić, Julija; Žuntar, Irena

doi:10.2478/acph-2021-0001

Cited by 65 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The first of them is the fact that PBs with short-chain functional groups (such as MePB, EtPB and PrPB) are present in the human organism in the highest concentrations, and therefore their adverse effects may have the most important influence on human health status. This is because such parabens are the most commonly used in the industry, which leads to relatively high environmental pollution with these substances 1 , 20 . The second observation is that the human body is exposed simultaneously to some PBs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For decades PBs were considered to be completely safe for living organisms, but since the end of the twentieth century more and more studies have reported their adverse effects on humans and animals. Currently PBs are classified as endocrine disruptors, which have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects 15 , 16 and affect many internal organs and systems, mainly including the reproductive, immune and endocrine systems 17 – 20 . Some studies have also reported correlations between PBs and obesity, disorders in the nervous system developmental disorders and neoplastic processes 11 , 21 – 23 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis

Wojtkiewicz

Tzatzarakis

Vakonaki

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Parabens (PBs) are a group of substances commonly used in industry. They also pollute the environment, penetrate into living organisms and adversely affect various internal organs. During this study, the degree of exposure of people living in Olsztyn, a city in north eastern Poland, to selected parabens most often used in industry was studied. The chemicals under investigation included: methyl paraben—MePB, ethyl paraben—EtPB, propyl paraben—PrPB, benzyl paraben BePB and butyl paraben -BuPB. To this aim, hair samples collected from the scalps of 30 volunteers were analyzed using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. All PBs studied were present in a high percentage of analyzed samples (from 76.7% in the case of BePB to 100% in the case of MePB and PrPB). The mean concentration levels were 4425.3 pg/mg for MeBP, 704.0 pg/mg for EtPB, 825.7 pg/mg for PrPB, 135.2 pg/mg for BePB and 154.5 pg/mg for BuPB. Significant differences in PB concentration levels between particular persons were visible. On the other hand, gender, age and artificial hair coloring did not cause statistically significant differences in PB levels. Obtained results have clearly indicated that people living in north eastern Poland are exposed to various PBs, and therefore these substances may affect their health status. However, the evaluation of PBs influence on human health requires further research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis

Wojtkiewicz

Tzatzarakis

Vakonaki

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Parabens belong to a group of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have antibacterial and antifungal properties, therefore they are used as preservatives in personal care products, cosmetics, foodstuffs and some pharmaceuticals (55)(56)(57). They show weak estrogenic effect in vitro (57).…”

Section: Parabensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health in Boys and Men

2021

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Male reproductive health has declined as indicated by increasing rates of cryptorchidism, i.e., undescended testis, poor semen quality, low serum testosterone level, and testicular cancer. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been proposed to have a role in this finding. In utero exposure to antiandrogenic EDCs, particularly at a sensitive period of fetal testicular development, the so-called ‘masculinization programming window (MPW)’, can disturb testicular development and function. Low androgen effect during the MPW can cause both short- and long-term reproductive disorders. A concurrent exposure to EDCs may also affect testicular function or damage testicular cells. Evidence from animal studies supports the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in development of male reproductive disorders. However, evidence from epidemiological studies is relatively mixed. In this article, we review the current literature that evaluated relationship between prenatal EDC exposures and anogenital distance, cryptorchidism, and congenital penile abnormality called hypospadias. We review also studies on the association between early life and postnatal EDC exposure and semen quality, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels and testicular cancer.

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“…Another antimicrobial agent, paraben mixture (propyl and methyl parabens) is as well under the public eye as endocrine disruptors and allergen, where its influence on health is continuously examined [27,28]. EMA and Serbian regulations require appropriate labeling of these EKE as well as stating possible ADRs, which was satisfied in examined formulation SmPC.…”

Section: Wwwhophonlineorgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure of children in Serbia to potentially harmful excipients when treated with approved antibiotics

Puača¹,

Todorović²,

Čanji³

et al. 2021

Hosp Pharm Int Multi J

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Introduction: According to current understanding of the role of excipient in medicines, they could not be considered as completely pharmacologically inert substances. Although excipients do not have the potential to cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in most patients, some of their negative effects have been established. Special caution regarding excipients intake is advised, especially in vulnerable populations such as pediatric one. Aim: The aim of this paper was to investigate the exposure of children on antibiotic therapy to excipients with known effects (EKE). Methods: During a one-month period antibiotic prescriptions data were taken from community pharmacies in Novi Sad, Serbia. Age, diagnosis and prescribed therapy were observed. Data about qualitative content of prescribed medicines were taken from Summaries of Product Characteristics (SmPC) available at the official website of Medicines and medical devices agency of Serbia (ALIMS). Excipients were considered to be potentially harmful if they were listed in European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines. Results: The most commonly observed diagnosis was a respiratory infection, which affected more than 88% of children prescribed with an antibiotic. Only 5 out of 33 prescribed antibiotic formulations did not contain at least one EKE. Prescribed medicines mostly contained sodium compounds (77.78%), sucrose (34.07%) and sodium benzoate (31.11%). In addition, the following EKE were detected: propylene glycol, aspartame, sorbitol, lactose, potassium, mannitol, benzalkonium chloride, azorubine, parabens, sodium metabisulfite and sunset yellow. Around 75% of prescribed antibiotic formulations contained inappropriately labeled EKE (sodium and potassium compounds, sodium benzoate and propylene glycol). Additionally, inappropriately labeled information leaflets did not include possible adverse effects caused by the EKE. Conclusions: This paper indicates high exposure of patients to EKE, where almost all children treated with antibiotics (96.3%) were simultaneously administered at least one EKE. We confirmed that approved medicines cannot meet the treatment needs of all patients, and that inappropriately labeled medicines carry a risk of ADRs, especially in newborns. Personalized treatment is especially important in children, as the appropriate dosage forms and diversity in formulation ingredients is lacking. Knowing the type and roles of each ingredient of the medicines it is possible to formulate a preparation that will meet all the individual children's needs.

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The controversies of parabens – an overview nowadays

Cited by 65 publications

References 58 publications

Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis

Evaluation of human exposure to parabens in north eastern Poland through hair sample analysis

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health in Boys and Men

Exposure of children in Serbia to potentially harmful excipients when treated with approved antibiotics

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