The confounding of occupation and smoking and its consequences

The Association Between Occupational Exposures and Cigarette Smoking Among Operating Engineers

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The Association Between Occupational Exposures and Cigarette Smoking Among Operating Engineers

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Working Class Matters: Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Smoking in NHIS 2000

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports.…”

“…53,54 Promoting smoking cessation in the context of creating healthier workplaces holds great promise for improving occupation-based health inequalities, particularly because smoking prevalence and exposure to occupational hazards are positively related, thereby posing a dual threat to workers' health. 14,55 In conclusion, our data indicate that class matters for understanding the population burden of smoking and that working-class populations, in any racial/ethnic group, are unlikely to be served adequately by programs focused solely on low-income groups, as delimited by the stringent US poverty threshold. The average hourly wage of blue collar workers in 2001, a population with a high smoking prevalence, was $13.73 per hour (equivalent to $28 558 per year), 56 placing them at 1.6 times (i.e., 100%-199%) the 2001 poverty line of $17 960 for a family of 2 adults and 2 children.…”

Sex-different phenotypic correlations: Due to genes or environment?

“…Of these, 158 pairs showed rE in the same direction in men and women, with 92 (45.1 %) having stronger rE in women. The remaining 54 pairs had rE in opposite directions across the sexes, and in most of these (41) the absolute effect was stronger in men.…”

The Association Between Occupational Exposures and Cigarette Smoking Among Operating Engineers

“……”

Working Class Matters: Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Smoking in NHIS 2000

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports.…”

“…53,54 Promoting smoking cessation in the context of creating healthier workplaces holds great promise for improving occupation-based health inequalities, particularly because smoking prevalence and exposure to occupational hazards are positively related, thereby posing a dual threat to workers' health. 14,55 In conclusion, our data indicate that class matters for understanding the population burden of smoking and that working-class populations, in any racial/ethnic group, are unlikely to be served adequately by programs focused solely on low-income groups, as delimited by the stringent US poverty threshold. The average hourly wage of blue collar workers in 2001, a population with a high smoking prevalence, was $13.73 per hour (equivalent to $28 558 per year), 56 placing them at 1.6 times (i.e., 100%-199%) the 2001 poverty line of $17 960 for a family of 2 adults and 2 children.…”

Sex-different phenotypic correlations: Due to genes or environment?

“…Of these, 158 pairs showed rE in the same direction in men and women, with 92 (45.1 %) having stronger rE in women. The remaining 54 pairs had rE in opposite directions across the sexes, and in most of these (41) the absolute effect was stronger in men.…”

The Association Between Occupational Exposures and Cigarette Smoking Among Operating Engineers

“……”

Working Class Matters: Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Smoking in NHIS 2000

“…[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]26 Smoking patterns observed by race/ethnicity, gender, and income are also similar to recent reports.…”

“…53,54 Promoting smoking cessation in the context of creating healthier workplaces holds great promise for improving occupation-based health inequalities, particularly because smoking prevalence and exposure to occupational hazards are positively related, thereby posing a dual threat to workers' health. 14,55 In conclusion, our data indicate that class matters for understanding the population burden of smoking and that working-class populations, in any racial/ethnic group, are unlikely to be served adequately by programs focused solely on low-income groups, as delimited by the stringent US poverty threshold. The average hourly wage of blue collar workers in 2001, a population with a high smoking prevalence, was $13.73 per hour (equivalent to $28 558 per year), 56 placing them at 1.6 times (i.e., 100%-199%) the 2001 poverty line of $17 960 for a family of 2 adults and 2 children.…”

Sex-different phenotypic correlations: Due to genes or environment?

“…Of these, 158 pairs showed rE in the same direction in men and women, with 92 (45.1 %) having stronger rE in women. The remaining 54 pairs had rE in opposite directions across the sexes, and in most of these (41) the absolute effect was stronger in men.…”