The Computerized Self Test (CST): An Interactive, Internet Accessible Cognitive Screening Test For Dementia

Objectives The objective of this systematic review was (1) to give an overview of the available short screening instruments for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and (2) to review the psychometric properties of these instruments. Methods First, a systematic search of titles and abstracts of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted between February and July 2015 and updated in April 2016 and May 2018. Only papers written in English or Dutch were considered. All full-text papers about cognitive screening instruments for the early detection of AD were included, resulting in the identification of 38 pencil and paper tests and 12 computer tests. In a second step, the psychometric quality of these instruments was evaluated. Therefore, the same databases were searched again to identify papers that described the psychometric properties of the instruments meanwhile applying diagnostic criteria for the diagnostic groups included. Results Out of 1454 papers, 96 clearly discussed the psychometric properties of the instruments. Eighty-nine papers discussed pencil and paper tests of which 80 were validated in a memory clinic setting. Based on the number of studies (31 articles) and the sensitivity (84%) and specificity (74%) values, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) seems to be a promising (pencil and paper) screening test for memory clinic testing as well as for population screening. Regarding computer tests, validation studies were only available for 7 out of 12 tests. Conclusions A large number of screening tests for AD are available. However, most tests are only validated in a memory clinic setting and description of the psychometric properties of the instruments is limited. Especially, computer tests require further research. The MoCA is a promising instrument, but the specificity to detect early AD is rather low. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-019-0474-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“… 7–10 v v v Computer test Kluger [ 65 ] ? 12–15 v v v v CST/COGselftest [ 66 ] ? 15 v v v v v Computer test Inoue [ 67 ] ?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brief cognitive screening instruments for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Roeck¹,

Deyn²,

Dierckx³

et al. 2019

Alz Res Therapy

149

140

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“…To date, the CST has only been tested with patients with memory impairment associated with dementia. The CST has demonstrated a sensitivity of 96% for patients with cognitive impairment (collapsing across the range of early-to-severe AD) and was capable of correctly classifying 91% of patients into one of six experimental groups (control, MCI, early AD, mild-moderate AD, moderate-severe AD, and severe AD) [21]. Without further substantial literature to support its utility in identifying early cognitive changes, it is only possible to qualify the CST’s strengths in administration ease and Internet accessibility.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of cognition in mild cognitive impairment: A comparative study

Snyder

Jackson

Petersen

et al. 2011

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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The demand for rapidly administered, sensitive, and reliable cognitive assessments that are specifically designed for identifying individuals in the earliest stages of cognitive decline (and to measure subtle change over time) has escalated as the emphasis in Alzheimer’s disease clinical research has shifted from clinical diagnosis and treatment toward the goal of developing presymptomatic neuroprotective therapies. To meet these changing clinical requirements, cognitive measures or tailored batteries of tests must be validated and determined to be fit-for-use for the discrimination between cognitively healthy individuals and persons who are experiencing very subtle cognitive changes that likely signal the emergence of early mild cognitive impairment. We sought to collect and review data systematically from a wide variety of (mostly computer-administered) cognitive measures, all of which are currently marketed or distributed with the claims that these instruments are sensitive and reliable for the early identification of disease or, if untested for this purpose, are promising tools based on other variables. The survey responses for 16 measures/batteries are presented in brief in this review; full survey responses and summary tables are archived and publicly available on the Campaign to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease by 2020 Web site (http://pad2020.org). A decision tree diagram highlighting critical decision points for selecting measures to meet varying clinical trials requirements has also been provided. Ultimately, the survey questionnaire, framework, and decision guidelines provided in this review should remain as useful aids for the evaluation of any new or updated sets of instruments in the years to come.

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“…This category gather articles that aim at the appraisal of cognitive state using both robotic platform, sensors, and personal devices. More specifically, the articles that consider robots are 2, Kintsakis et al (2015) and Demetriadis et al (2016); papers that regard sensors and personal devices (in this case PCs) are 6, equally distributed, Dougherty et al (2010); Zuchella et al (2014); Manera et al (2017) use PC, while (König et al, 2015b; Fiorini et al, 2017; Maselli et al, 2017) study the use of sensors.…”

Section: Application 1: Cognitive Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Technological Solutions for Assessment, Treatment, and Assistance in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Mancioppi

Fiorini

Sportiello

et al. 2019

Front. Neuroinform.

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Alzheimer's disease, and dementia, represent a common cause of disability and one of the most relevant challenges in the health world. In addition, these conditions do not have, at moment, a pharmacological treatment that can stop the pathological progress. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), defined as the borderline between normal aging and early dementia, represents a meaningful field of study because, in the transition to dementia, clinicians have defined a useful therapeutic window. Additionally, due to the lack of effective pharmacological interventions, recent years have seen an increase in research into new technological solutions to assess, stimulate, and assist patients afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to outline the use of information and communication technologies in the field studying MCI. Particularly, the goal is to depict the framework and describe the most worthwhile research efforts, in order to display the current technologies available, describe the research objectives, and delineate prospective future researches. Regarding data sources, the research was conducted within three databases, PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Scopus, between January 2009 and December 2017. A total of 646 articles were found in the initial search. Accurate definition of the exclusion criteria and selection strategy allowed identification of the most relevant papers to use for the study. Finally, 56 papers were fully evaluated and included in this review. Three major clinical application areas have been portrayed, namely “Cognitive Assessment,” “Treatment,” and “Assistance.” These have been combined with three main technological solutions, specifically “Sensors,” “Personal Devices,” and “Robots.” Furthermore, the study of the publications time series illustrates a steadily increasing trend, characterized by the enrollment of small groups of subjects, and particularly oriented to the subjects assistance using robots companion. In conclusion, despite the new technological solutions for people with MCI have received much interest, particularly regarding robots for assistance, nowadays it still owns vast room for improvement.

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The Computerized Self Test (CST): An Interactive, Internet Accessible Cognitive Screening Test For Dementia

Cited by 55 publications

References 69 publications

Brief cognitive screening instruments for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Brief cognitive screening instruments for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Assessment of cognition in mild cognitive impairment: A comparative study

Novel Technological Solutions for Assessment, Treatment, and Assistance in Mild Cognitive Impairment

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