The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: A narrative review

Michalakis, Konstantinos; Mintziori, Gesthimani; Kaprara, Athina; Tarlatzis, Basil C.; Goulis, Dimitrios G.

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.012

Cited by 267 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 255 publications

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“…These findings are of particular interest given that abdominal obesity has a negative impact on reproductive hormone levels such as testosterone (17). In a more detailed way, current evidence suggests excess adipose tissue results in increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which may lead to secondary hypogonadism through reproductive axis suppression (18). Another challenge of the present trail was to identify significant associations between testosterone and abdominal obesity in order to provide an easier, quicker, cheaper and non-invasive assessment of this reproductive hormone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury

et al. 2014

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ARTICLE INFO ______________________________________________________________ ______________________Purpose: To determine the influence of arm-crank exercise in reproductive hormone levels in adults with chronic SCI. Further objectives were to assess the influence of arm-crank exercise on muscle strength and body composition. Materials and Methods: Seventeen male adults with complete SCI at or below the 5th thoracic level (T5) volunteered for this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 9) or control group (n = 8) using a concealed method. The participants in the intervention group performed a 12-week arm-crank exercise program, 3 sessions/week, consisting of warming-up (10-15 min) followed by a main part in arm--crank (20-30 min [increasing 2 min and 30 seconds each three weeks]) at a moderate work intensity of 50-65% of heart rate reserve (HRR) (starting at 50% and increasing 5% each three weeks) and by a cooling-down period (5-10 min). Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were determined by ELISA. Muscle strength (handgrip) and body composition (waist circumference [WC]) were assessed. Results: After the completion of the training program, testosterone level was significantly increased (p = 0.0166;d = 1.14). Furthermore, maximal handgrip and WC were significantly improved. Lastly, a significant inverse correlation was found between WC and testosterone (r =-0.35; p = 0.0377). Conclusion:The arm-crank exercise improved reproductive hormone profile by increasing testosterone levels in adults with chronic SCI. A secondary finding was that it also significantly improved muscle strength and body composition in this group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury

et al. 2014

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“…The small sample size is a major limitation of the study compared to the high prevalence of MetS (Michalakis et al, 2013). However, it has to be pointed out that firstly, the prevalence of morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m 2 ) males is lower than common MetS using the NCEP instead of the IDF classification, and secondly, these morbidly obese males are not inclined to provide a semen sample in clinical settings other than andrological consultation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic syndrome and the seminal cytokine network in morbidly obese males

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYGiven the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in males of reproductive age, the objective of this prospective casecontrolled study was to investigate the impact of subacute systemic inflammation associated with MetS on seminal cytokines and standard sperm parameters in comparison with healthy men. Between 2011 and 2014, we recruited 27 patients with MetS out of 41 obese patients screened from an internal outpatient clinic. Twenty-seven age-matched healthy controls were enrolled from 54 men requesting vasectomy in a urological outpatient clinic. A multiplex analysis was performed to quantify simultaneously the level of 30 cytokines (Eotaxin, FGF, Fraktalkine, GCSF, GMCSF, Granzyme A, IFN-c, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-21, IP-10, I-TAC, MCP-1, MIG, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, RANTES, TNF-a, and VEGF) in each 50 lL of blood and seminal plasma during the andrological work-up. Semen analysis was performed according to the WHO (Global status report on noncommunicable diseases, 2010) recommendations, including standard sperm parameters as well as peroxidase-positive leukocytes and polymorphonuclear elastase. Blood levels of C-reactive protein, interleukins 6 and 10 were elevated in MetS (p > 0.001). Two-way hierarchical cluster analysis showed characteristic cytokine networks in semen greatly differing from those in blood, but not between MetS and controls. No deterioration of semen analysis was evident in men diagnosed with MetS. Our results suggest that there is no transmission of the systemic inflammation associated with MetS into semen based on cytokine profiles and that MetS does not impair standard semen parameters to a clinically significant extent.

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“…In males, E2 is produced in extragonadal sites, mainly adipose tissue, bone and brain by local tissue aromatization from circulating testosterone (Simpson, 2003). It has been widely reported that excess adipose tissue, as observed in LP and HP-HF rats, may result in elevated aromatization, (Michalakis et al, 2013), but quantitatively the main estrogen produced is estrone, which has a weak estrogenic activity (Nelson and Bulun, 2001). On the other hand, the specific effects of phytoestrogens on aromatase activity are controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens in adult male rats affects hypothalamic regulation of food intake, induces obesity and alters glucose metabolism

Andreoli

Stoker

Rossetti

et al. 2015

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

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A B S T R A C TThe absence of phytoestrogens in the diet during pregnancy has been reported to result in obesity later in adulthood. We investigated whether phytoestrogen withdrawal in adult life could alter the hypothalamic signals that regulate food intake and affect body weight and glucose homeostasis.Male Wistar rats fed from conception to adulthood with a high phytoestrogen diet were submitted to phytoestrogen withdrawal by feeding a low phytoestrogen diet, or a high phytoestrogen-high fat diet. Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens increased body weight, adiposity and energy intake through an orexigenic hypothalamic response characterized by upregulation of AGRP and downregulation of POMC. This was associated with elevated leptin and T4, reduced TSH, testosterone and estradiol, and diminished hypothalamic ERα expression, concomitant with alterations in glucose tolerance.Removing dietary phytoestrogens caused manifestations of obesity and diabetes that were more pronounced than those induced by the high phytoestrogen-high fat diet intake.

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The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: A narrative review

Cited by 267 publications

References 255 publications

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury

A short-term arm-crank exercise program improved testosterone deficiency in adults with chronic spinal cord injury

Metabolic syndrome and the seminal cytokine network in morbidly obese males

Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens in adult male rats affects hypothalamic regulation of food intake, induces obesity and alters glucose metabolism

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