The comparison of the antidiabetic effects of exenatide, empagliflozin, quercetin, and combination of the drugs in type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract

BackgroundType 2 diabetes, a metabolic disease that involves extended treatment, is rapidly increasing in humans and animals worldwide.ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare monotherapy and combined therapy of exenatide, empagliflozin, and quercetin in 67 Wistar Albino male rats.MethodsThe animals were divided into the following seven groups: healthy control, diabetes control, diabetes + sham, diabetes + exenatide (10 μg/kg), diabetes + empagliflozin (50 mg/kg), diabetes + quercetin (50 mg/kg), and diabetes + combination treatment. The treatments were continued for 8 weeks.ResultsAt the end of the experiment, glucose and HbA1c levels decreased with all monotherapy treatments and the combination treatments, while insulin levels increased with exenatide and combined treatments. Adiponectin levels increased with empagliflozin, quercetin, and combined treatments, while leptin levels decreased only with combined treatments. All monotherapies caused an increase in total antioxidant levels. Exenatide and quercetin treatments reduced low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels; therewithal, exenatide and combined treatments increased high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Triglyceride levels decreased in all treatment groups. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) level decreased with the combined treatment; on the contrary, the homeostatic model assessment for β‐cell activity (HOMA‐β) level increased with empagliflozin, exenatide, and combined treatments.ConclusionIn conclusion, the antidiabetic effects of exenatide were more pronounced than empagliflozin and quercetin, however, the combined treatment had better antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects than monotherapies. Quercetin could be a supportive or food supplement antidiabetic agent. The exenatide treatment can be recommended for monotherapy in type 2 patients, and the combination of empagliflozin, exenatide, and quercetin may be effective in diabetic patients who need combined therapy.

Functional assessments of Psidium guajava L. and Morus alba L. leaf extracts on postprandial glucose control

“…In addition, there are some methods that can control postprandial glycemia, such as inhibition of the enzymes α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. In previous studies, some herbal materials, probiotics, and food can help us control our postprandial glucose levels (Barros et al., 2021 ; Korkmaz & Dik, 2023 ; Kumar et al., 2021 ). In our study, we focus on Psidium guajava L. leaves and Morus alba L. leaves.…”