The Colored X-Rays

Aichert, André; Wieczorek, Matthias; Wang, Jian; Kreiser, Matthias; Wang, Lejing; Fallavollita, Pascal; Navab, Nassir

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38085-3_6

Cited by 2 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Thereby, the registration result is less affected by deformation changes of anatomical structures that may occur during the intervention. A previous study has further shown that minor registration errors of up to 2mm in plane and 5mm in depth have no influence on the visualization outcome for 2D/3D overlay [2].…”

Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Here, the 2D/3D registration overlay transparency is directly related to the depth location of certain objects. Further advancing this concept to facilitate depth perception for vascular images, 'Colored X-rays' integrating depth encoded color information into greyscale X-ray images have been proposed [2]. Although convinced by the overall idea, evaluations made apparent that clinicians were not satisfied with the resulting representation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various existing depth compositing schemes can be found in the literature: Aichert et al [2] proposed a volume rendering employing a 2D depthintensity-based transfer function that encodes depth in color during rendering of an emission-only model (depth integral method). The transfer function was decoupled into two 1D transfer functions -one for the mapping from depth to color and one for the mapping of the voxel values to the corresponding intensity.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually the two major color components are one cool and one warm color in order to yield a natural ordering. Since in chromadepth techniques [26], red is in front and blue is in back, which has been extensively used in color-depth encoding [2][4][6] [16]. Thus, we map red color to near and blue to far (see Figure 3(b)).…”

Section: Divergingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This yields an increase in radiation and use of contrast agents. Improved and adapted visualization of X-Ray images has received very little attention in clinical practice as well as in the medical and technological research community [1] [2]. The appearance of X-ray images has hardly changed since the very first well-known image of a hand taken by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen and it is still used in almost the same representation in clinical practice today.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Improved interventional X-ray appearance

Wang

Berge

Demirci

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)

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Depth cues are an essential part of navigation and device positioning tasks during clinical interventions. Yet, many minimallyinvasive procedures, such as catheterizations, are usually performed under X-ray guidance only depicting a 2D projection of the anatomy, which lacks depth information. Previous attempts to integrate pre-operative 3D data of the patient by registering these to intra-operative data have led to virtual 3D renderings independent of the original X-ray appearance and planar 2D color overlays (e.g. roadmaps). A major drawback associated to these solutions is the trade-off between X-ray attenuation values that is completely neglected during 3D renderings, and depth perception not being incorporated into the 2D roadmaps. This paper presents a novel technique for enhancing depth perception of interventional X-ray images preserving the original attenuation appearance. Starting from patient-specific pre-operative 3D data, our method relies on GPU ray casting to compute a colored depth map, which assigns a predefined color to the first incidence of gradient magnitude value above a predefined threshold along the ray. The colored depth map values are carefully integrated into the X-Ray image while maintaining its original greyscale intensities. The presented method was tested and analysed for three relevant clinical scenarios covering different anatomical aspects and targeting different levels of interventional expertise. Results demonstrate that improving depth perception of Xray images has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient clinical interventions.

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Section: 1mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Divergingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Improved interventional X-ray appearance

Wang

Berge

Demirci

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)

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PRISM: An open source framework for the interactive design of GPU volume rendering shaders

Drouin

Collins

2018

PLoS ONE

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Direct volume rendering has become an essential tool to explore and analyse 3D medical images. Despite several advances in the field, it remains a challenge to produce an image that highlights the anatomy of interest, avoids occlusion of important structures, provides an intuitive perception of shape and depth while retaining sufficient contextual information. Although the computer graphics community has proposed several solutions to address specific visualization problems, the medical imaging community still lacks a general volume rendering implementation that can address a wide variety of visualization use cases while avoiding complexity. In this paper, we propose a new open source framework called the Programmable Ray Integration Shading Model, or PRISM, that implements a complete GPU ray-casting solution where critical parts of the ray integration algorithm can be replaced to produce new volume rendering effects. A graphical user interface allows clinical users to easily experiment with pre-existing rendering effect building blocks drawn from an open database. For programmers, the interface enables real-time editing of the code inside the blocks. We show that in its default mode, the PRISM framework produces images very similar to those produced by a widely-adopted direct volume rendering implementation in VTK at comparable frame rates. More importantly, we demonstrate the flexibility of the framework by showing how several volume rendering techniques can be implemented in PRISM with no more than a few lines of code. Finally, we demonstrate the simplicity of our system in a usability study with 5 medical imaging expert subjects who have none or little experience with volume rendering. The PRISM framework has the potential to greatly accelerate development of volume rendering for medical applications by promoting sharing and enabling faster development iterations and easier collaboration between engineers and clinical personnel.

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The Colored X-Rays

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Improved interventional X-ray appearance

Improved interventional X-ray appearance

PRISM: An open source framework for the interactive design of GPU volume rendering shaders

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