The changes in the biochemical compositions and enzymatic activities of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis, Müller) and Artemia during the enrichment and starvation periods

Abstract

The changes in the biochemical compositions and enzymatic activities of rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia, enriched and stored at 4 degrees C temperature, were determined. The total starvation period was 16 h and samples were taken at the end of the 8th and 16th hours. In present study, the rotifer and nauplii catabolized a large proportion of the protein during the enrichment period. Lipid contents of both live preys increased during the enrichment period and decreased in nauplii and metanauplii throughout the starvation period but lipid content of the rotifer remained relatively constant during the starvation period. The changes observed in the amino acid compositions of Artemia and the rotifer were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The conspicuous decline the essential amino acid (EAA) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) content of the rotifer was observed during the enrichment period. However, the essential amino acid (EAA) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) contents of Artemia nauplii increased during the enrichment period. The unenriched and enriched rotifers contained more monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) than polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). However, Artemia contained more PUFAs than MUFAs and SFA during the experimental period. A sharp increase in the amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the enrichment of the rotifer and Artemia nauplii was observed. However, the amount of DHA throughout the starvation period decreased in Artemia metanauplii but not in Artemia nauplii. Significant differences in tryptic, leucine aminopeptidase N (LAP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzyme activities of Artemia and rotifer were observed during the enrichment and starvation period (P < 0.05). The digestive enzymes derived from live food to fish larvae provided the highest contribution at the end of the enrichment period. In conclusion, the results of the study provide important contributions to determine the most suitable live food offering time for marine fish larvae. Rotifer should be offered to fish larvae at the end of the enrichment period, Artemia nauplii just after hatching and before being stored at 4 degrees C, and Artemia metanauplii at the end of the enrichment and throughout the starvation period.

Digestive enzyme activities during early ontogeny in Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

“…It is admitted that lipid catabolism is performed primarily by esterase action hydrolyzing fatty acids as energy source in the first days of life, while true lipase is dependant on colipase and bile salts, acting over phospholipids and triacylglycerols (van Tilbeurgh et al 1992); this enzyme is responsible for releasing highly polyunsaturated fatty acids and other more complex compounds, generally observed when maturation of the digestive system arrives (Ribeiro et al 1999;Zambonino-Infante and Cahu 1999;Gawlicka et al 2000;Sidell and Hazel 2002;Murray et al 2003;Morais et al 2005;Gisbert et al 2009) Amylase Regarding a-amylase activity during ontogeny of C. undecimalis, maximum values were detected between 5 and 12 dah, and later decreased, in agreement with to earlier observations for other marine fish species, where the highest activity was reported before Fish Physiol Biochem (2012) 38:441-454 449 hatching and during the first days of life when the absorption of yolk-sac occurred and was followed by a subsequent reduction in activity Zambonino-Infante and Cahu 2001). a-amylase activity and expression have been detected in fish fertilized eggs by biochemical or molecular approaches (Naz 2008;Darias et al 2006) though its function has not been understood at early stages of fish development (Moyano et al 1996;Péres et al 1996;Martínez et al 1999;Buchet et al 2000;Cuvier-Péres and Kestemont 2002). In larvae, it has been considered as a digestive system maturation indicator as it occurs in mammals with lactase (Zambonino-Infante and .…”

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in a marine vertebrate: Ontogenetic and nutritional regulation of a fatty acyl desaturase with Δ4 activity

“…In addition, the influence of diet on larval FA composition was observed reflecting the introduction at 2 DAH of rotifers enriched with DHA [54], and their replacement at 4 DAH by Artemia AF nauplii, which are rich in EPA and practically devoid of DHA [55]. This explains the increase in larval EPA levels from 4 DAH onwards.…”

Total lipids content and fatty acids composition of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis using artificial enrichments

“…Each flask was gently aerated by a glass pipette at a temperature of 18 ± 0.5 0 C. Six counts of 50μL were then taken to estimate the initial number of the rotifers per flask. These counts continued during the experiment in order to estimate the survival rate of the animals and the possible on a lipid-rich diet (Fernandez-Reiriz et al, 1993;Naz, 2008;Demir and Diken, 2011a,b;Maehre et al, 2013). Brachionus plicatilis are commonly raised on baker's yeast, which does not supply adequate levels of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).…”