The central role of peripheral inflammation in ischemic stroke

Abstract

Stroke pathology and its treatments conventionally focus on the brain. Probing inflammation, a critical secondary cell death mechanism in stroke, has been largely relegated to the brain. To this end, peripheral inflammation has emerged as an equally potent contributor to the onset and progression of stroke secondary cell death. Here, we review novel concepts on peripheral organs displaying robust inflammatory response to stroke. These inflammation-plagued organs include the spleen, cervical lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, gastrointestinal system, and adrenal glands, likely converging their inflammatory effects through B and T-cells. Recognizing the significant impact of this systemic inflammation, we also discuss innovative stroke therapeutics directed at sequestration of peripheral inflammation. This review paper challenges the paradigm of a brain-centered disease pathology and treatment and offers a peripheral approach to our stroke understanding.

Folic acid deficiency exacerbates the inflammatory response of astrocytes after ischemia‐reperfusion by enhancing the interaction between IL‐6 and JAK‐1/pSTAT3

“…Firstly, the present study focused on the early molecular changes caused by FD at the onset of cerebral infarction. Considering that post‐stroke neuroinflammation is a highly dynamic and complex adaptive process, 44 long‐term FD intervention may be necessary for further behavioral observation and the exploration of molecular mechanisms at the later stage of disease in the future study. Secondly, both astrocytes and microglia mediate inflammatory responses through related molecules in response to the stress of ischemic brain injury 45 .…”

Stem Cells Attenuate the Inflammation Crosstalk Between Ischemic Stroke and Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

“…While we have mainly focused on the role of SCs centrally, a multitude of studies have shown the vital role of peripheral organs in neuroinflammation 93 . As discussed, the BBB is impaired in stroke and MS, facilitating the entry of peripheral inflammatory cells into the typically immunoprivileged CNS.…”

Hemiplegia in acute ischemic stroke: A comprehensive review of case studies and the role of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy

“…Ischemic strokes are one of the most prevalent cerebrovascular conditions, significantly contributing to global mortality and disability. 1 , 2 Ischemic strokes encompass a cascade of pathological events, encompassing excessive calcium accumulation, 3 excitotoxicity, 4 increased oxidative stress, 5 , 6 mitochondrial dysfunction, 7 inflammation, 8 , 9 , 10 and cell death. 11 Acute ischemic stroke is a severe medical condition characterized by the interruption of blood flow to the brain due to arterial obstruction.…”