The bumpy road to achieve herd immunity in COVID-19

Neagu, Monica

doi:10.1080/15321819.2020.1833919

Cited by 39 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Herd immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 is one of the highly debated topic (Anderson and May, 1985; Bock et al, 2020; Frederiksen et al, 2020; Jung et al, 2020; Kwok et al, 2020; Neagu, 2020). During the pandemic when approximately 70% of the population infect and develop antibodies against the pathogen, it facilitates the herd immunity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populations

Singh

Tamang

Shukla

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Infection born by Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has swept the world within a time of a few months. It has created a devastating effect on humanity with social and economic depressions. Europe and America were the hardest hit continents. India has also lost several lives, making the country fourth most deadly worldwide. However, the infection and death rate per million and the case fatality ratio in India were substantially lower than many of the developed nations. Several factors have been proposed including the genetics. One of the important facts is that a large chunk of Indian population is asymptomatic to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the real infection in India is much higher than the reported number of cases. Therefore, the majority of people are already immune in the country. To understand the dynamics of real infection as well as level of immunity against SARS-CoV-2, we have performed antibody testing (serosurveillance) in the urban region of fourteen Indian districts encompassing six states. In our survey, the seroprevalence frequency varied between 0.01-0.48, suggesting high variability of viral transmission among states. We also found out that the cases reported by the Government were several fold lower than the real infection. This discrepancy is majorly driven by a higher number of asymptomatic cases. Overall, we suggest that with the high level of immunity developed against SARS-CoV-2 in the majority of the districts, it is less likely to have a second wave in India.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populations

Singh

Tamang

Shukla

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As new waves of the COVID-19 pandemic resurge around the globe (1), and with commencing vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 infections (12)(13)(14)16), there is a renewed interest in serological tests to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (20,33). Affordable LFAs offer an attractive option for monitoring the presence and longevity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and determining population-level herd immunity (34). LFAs also obviate the need for complex laboratories to process the samples (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, reported cases of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 suggest that prior exposure, and even seroconversion, do not universally protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection (44,45). This could result from low antibody titers as shown in an immunocompromised patient (46), low durability of infection-induced antibodies (42)(43)(44), or low neutralizing potential of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced antibodies in some individuals (34). IgG and IgM antibodies may also target irrelevant epitopes outside the spike and receptor binding domains, and consequently be less e cient at intercepting infection by the virus (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of serological lateral flow assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Trombetta

Kandigian

Kitchen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: COVID-19 has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lateral flow assays can detect anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies to monitor transmission. However, standardized evaluation of their accuracy and tools to aid in interpreting results are needed.Methods: We evaluated 20 IgG and IgM assays selected from available tests in April 2020. We evaluated the assays’ performance using 56 pre-pandemic negative and 56 SARS-CoV-2-positive plasma samples, collected 10-40 days after symptom onset, confirmed by a molecular test and analyzed by an ultra-sensitive immunoassay. Finally, we developed a user-friendly web app to extrapolate the positive predictive values based on their accuracy and local prevalence.Results: Combined IgG+IgM sensitivities ranged from 33.9% to 94.6%, while combined specificities ranged from 92.6% to 100%. The highest sensitivities were detected in Lumiquick for IgG (98.2%), BioHit for both IgM (96.4%), and combined IgG+IgM sensitivity (94.6%). Furthermore, 11 LFAs and 8 LFAs showed perfect specificity for IgG and IgM, respectively, with 15 LFAs showing perfect combined IgG+IgM specificity. Lumiquick had the lowest estimated limit-of-detection (LOD) (0.1 mg/mL), followed by a similar LOD of 1.5 mg/mL for CareHealth, Cellex, KHB, and Vivachek.Conclusion: We provide a public resource of the accuracy of select lateral flow assays with potential for home testing. The cost-effectiveness, scalable manufacturing process, and suitability for self-testing makes LFAs an attractive option for monitoring disease prevalence and assessing vaccine responsiveness. Our web tool provides an easy-to-use interface to demonstrate the impact of prevalence and test accuracy on the positive predictive values.

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“…As new waves of the COVID-19 pandemic resurge around the globe 1 , and with commencing vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 infections 18, 19, 20, 22 , there is a renewed interest in serological tests to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 28, 43 . Affordable LFAs offer an attractive option for monitoring the presence and longevity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and determining population-level herd immunity 44 . LFAs also obviate the need for complex laboratories to process the samples 45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, reported cases of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 suggest that prior exposure, and even seroconversion, do not universally protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection 54, 55, 56 . This could result from low antibody titers as shown in an immunocompromised patient 57 , low durability of infection-induced antibodies 52, 53, 54 , or low neutralizing potential of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in some individuals 44 . IgG and IgM antibodies may also target irrelevant epitopes outside the spike and receptor binding domains, and consequently be less efficient at intercepting infection by the virus 58 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of serological lateral flow assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Trombetta¹,

Kandigian²,

Kitchen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundCOVID-19 has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lateral flow assays can detect anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies to monitor transmission. However, standardized evaluation of their accuracy and tools to aid in interpreting results are needed.MethodsWe evaluated 20 IgG and IgM assays selected from available tests in April 2020. We evaluated the assays’ performance using 56 pre-pandemic negative and 56 SARS-CoV-2-positive plasma samples, collected 10-40 days after symptom onset, confirmed by a molecular test and analyzed by an ultra-sensitive immunoassay. Finally, we developed a user-friendly web app to extrapolate the positive predictive values based on their accuracy and local prevalence.ResultsCombined IgG+IgM sensitivities ranged from 33.9% to 94.6%, while combined specificities ranged from 92.6% to 100%. The highest sensitivities were detected in Lumiquick for IgG (98.2%), BioHit for both IgM (96.4%), and combined IgG+IgM sensitivity (94.6%). Furthermore, 11 LFAs and 8 LFAs showed perfect specificity for IgG and IgM, respectively, with 15 LFAs showing perfect combined IgG+IgM specificity. Lumiquick had the lowest estimated limit-of-detection (LOD) (0.1 μg/mL), followed by a similar LOD of 1.5 μg/mL for CareHealth, Cellex, KHB, and Vivachek.ConclusionWe provide a public resource of the accuracy of select lateral flow assays with potential for home testing. The cost-effectiveness, scalable manufacturing process, and suitability for self-testing makes LFAs an attractive option for monitoring disease prevalence and assessing vaccine responsiveness. Our web tool provides an easy-to-use interface to demonstrate the impact of prevalence and test accuracy on the positive predictive values.

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The bumpy road to achieve herd immunity in COVID-19

Cited by 39 publications

References 80 publications

Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populations

Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populations

Evaluation of serological lateral flow assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

Evaluation of serological lateral flow assays for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

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