This paper explores the background of modern shipping industry's ship management, the evolving role of ship captains, and the significance of environmental protection and safety. As central figures, ship captains now have expanded responsibilities encompassing crew management, safety training, and environmental compliance. Environmental and safety concerns are gradually taking center stage, with global regulations demanding more sustainable operational practices. Future research directions include the application of new technologies, carbon neutrality, supply chain optimization, and crew training to adapt to evolving demands. This paper aims to delve into various challenges faced in modern ship management, including crew management, safety, environmental protection, technology, and supply chain, and provides recommendations to address these challenges through case studies and international standards.