The Behavior of Children Receiving Benzedrine

Bradley, Charles

doi:10.1176/ajp.94.3.577

Cited by 875 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The reasons psychostimulants were expected by many to influence achievement were that laboratory research had repeatedly revealed that attention spans of hyperactive children increased with psychostimulants, and some clinicians reported that school achievement increased (Bradley, 1937 Riddle and Rapoport (1976) commenting on their 2-year follow-up of 72 hyperactive boys said: "The continued difficulties . .…”

Section: Effects On Academic Behaviors: Psychostimulant Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pills or Skills for Hyperactive Children

O’Leary

1980

J of App Behav Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The controversial nature of drug treatment of hyperactivity, the incidence and sequelae of hyperactivity, and problems of differential diagnosis of hyperactivity versus aggression were discussed. The effects of psychostimulant medication and behavior therapy on hyperactive children were reviewed with regard to effects on their social and academic behavior. Both treatments have resulted in clear short-term changes in social behavior but neither long-term academic nor long-term social effects have been shown with either treatment. Short-term effects on academic behavior have resulted from behavioral interventions but not from psychostimulants. However, the interventions have been too brief to allow one to draw unequivocal conclusions about the clinical efficacy of behavioral treatments. Although there have been long-term evaluations of psychostimulant therapy, there have not been any evaluations of long-term behavioral treatment programs for hyperactive children. Given the salutary short-term effects of behavior therapy with hyperactive children, extended clinical trials of behavior therapy need to be conducted. Finally, specific directions are suggested for future research.DESCRIPTORS: hyperactivity, pharmacological treatment, behavioral treatment, dietary effects on hyperactivity, elementary school children

show abstract

Section: Effects On Academic Behaviors: Psychostimulant Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pills or Skills for Hyperactive Children

O’Leary

1980

J of App Behav Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stimulant drugs (methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP)) are particularly effective for the clinical treatment of ADHD, and accordingly, pediatricians and psychiatrists have been prescribing them for over seven decades (Bradley, 1937). Clear reductions in symptoms justify treatment with stimulant medications (MTA, 1999b), but the cognitive effects are less clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Swanson

Baler

Volkow

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

214

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of stimulant drugs for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread pharmacological interventions in child psychiatry and behavioral pediatrics. This treatment is well grounded on controlled studies showing efficacy of low oral doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine in reducing the behavioral symptoms of the disorder as reported by parents and teachers, both for the cognitive (inattention and impulsivity) and noncognitive (hyperactivity) domains. Our main aim is to review the objectively measured cognitive effects that accompany the subjectively assessed clinical responses to stimulant medications. Recently, methods from the cognitive neurosciences have been used to provide information about brain processes that underlie the cognitive deficits of ADHD and the cognitive effects of stimulant medications. We will review some key findings from the recent literature, and then offer interpretations of the progress that has been made over the past decade in understanding the cognitive effects of stimulant medication on individuals with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews (2011) 36, 207-226; doi:10.1038/npp.2010; published online 29 September 2010Keywords: methylphenidate; amphetamine; dopamine; prefrontal cortex; executive function; cognitive enhancement INTRODUCTIONCognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied intensively and are well documented in the literature. Stimulant drugs (methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP)) are particularly effective for the clinical treatment of ADHD, and accordingly, pediatricians and psychiatrists have been prescribing them for over seven decades (Bradley, 1937). Clear reductions in symptoms justify treatment with stimulant medications (MTA, 1999b), but the cognitive effects are less clear. Here, we will review the current understanding of some underlying neural processes that may account for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and impulsivity, and we will review evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies about how stimulant medications may affect these processes. To focus our review, we will not revisit related topics that are addressed elsewhere: the medical use of non-stimulant drugs to treat ADHD (Dopheide and Pliszka, 2009;Waxmonsky, 2005), the non-medical use of stimulants and non-stimulants for cognitive enhancement (Sahakian and Morein-Zamir, 2007;Stix, 2009), and nonmedical alternative treatments based on neurofeedback (Gevensleben et al, 2009) and working memory training (Klingberg et al, 2005) that have recently been evaluated and have gained some support in randomized clinical trials.In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, Version IV (APA, 1994(APA, , 2000, the cognitive symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two domains: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Currently, nine are specified for inattention (poor attending to details, sustaining attention, lis...

show abstract

“…In 1937, Bradley 16 first noted that children vary significantly in their response to stimulant medication and stressed the importance of identifying correlates of treatment response to further our understanding and improve clinical decision making. Moderators, or subgroups defined by baseline characteristics, may respond differentially to stimulant treatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dose-Response Study of OROS Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT. Objective. OROS methylphenidate HCL (MPH) is a recently developed long-acting stimulant medication used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study was conducted to examine dosage effects on ADHD symptoms and stimulant side effects and to explore potential moderating effects of ADHD subtype.Methods. Children with ADHD combined type (ADHD-CT) or predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-PI; n ‫؍‬ 47), ages 5 to 16 years, underwent a placebocontrolled, crossover trial using forced titration with weekly switches at 3 dosage levels. Parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms were used to evaluate efficacy. In addition, vital signs and standardized measures of stimulant side effects were obtained weekly.Results. Parent ratings were more sensitive to treatment effects than teacher ratings. ADHD symptoms and Clinical Global Impressions Severity Index ratings at each dose condition differed significantly from placebo and baseline ratings, which did not differ from one another. For those with ADHD-CT, there was a clear linear dose-response relationship, with clinically significant reductions in ADHD Rating Scale-IV scores occurring in two thirds to three fourths of the subjects during either 36-or 54-mg dose conditions. Children with ADHD-PI, conversely, were more likely to respond optimally to lower doses and derived less benefit from higher doses, with 60% displaying significant improvement on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV at 36 mg or lower. Mild stimulant side effects were reported during placebo and at all dosage levels. With the exception of insomnia and decreased appetite, which were more common at higher doses, parent report of side effects was not related to dose. In addition, younger and smaller children were more likely to display sleep difficulties and decreased appetite at the higher dose levels Although pulse rate increased slightly with increasing dose, there were no dose effects on blood pressure.Conclusions. In children with ADHD-CT, the most common subtype of ADHD, increasing doses of stimulant medication were associated with increased improvement of inattention and hyperactivity symptoms. In children with ADHD-PI, symptom improvement occurred at lower doses and less benefit was derived from higher doses. In both ADHD subtypes, higher doses were associated with parent ratings of increased insomnia and decreased appetite. Pediatrics 2003;112:e404 -e413. URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/112/5/e404; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate, pharmacologic treatment.ABBREVIATIONS. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; MPH, methylphenidate; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; ADHD-PI, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive type; ADD, attention-deficit disorder; ADHD-CT, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; ADHD RS-IV, ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Home Edition; CGI, Clinical Global Impressions Severity Index; SERS, Side Effect R...

show abstract

The Behavior of Children Receiving Benzedrine

Cited by 875 publications

References 3 publications

Pills or Skills for Hyperactive Children

Pills or Skills for Hyperactive Children

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

A Dose-Response Study of OROS Methylphenidate in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About