The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part II: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East

Kingery, W. D.; Vandiver, Pamela B.; Prickett, Martha

doi:10.1179/009346988791974501

Cited by 68 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In order to distinguish between the calcined or uncalcined material, their microstructure could be analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The micromorphology of the reaction products of both lime and gypsum plaster differs from their parent materials (Gourdin and Kingery, 1975;Kingery et al, 1988;Ni and Ratner, 2008). For chalk, the presence of coccoliths suggests that no major calcination process took place (Barber and Bowsher, 2000: 102;Danner, 2013: 97).…”

Section: Limestone and Its Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This is known as Plaster of Paris and used in the building industry for coating of walls and ceilings. When water is added to the hemihydrate, it reverts back to its original chemical composition (Gourdin and Kingery, 1975;Kingery et al, 1988;Ward-Harvey, 2008: 40).…”

Section: Limestone and Its Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As mentioned above, mineralogical analysis is not sufficient to distinguish between calcined and uncalcined materials because hardened lime and gypsum plaster are chemically identical to their parent rock (Gourdin and Kingery, 1975;Kingery et al, 1988). Therefore a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the optical microstructure of the white residues from the burials.…”

Section: Characterisation Of White Residues In Burialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Interpreting lime burials. A discussion in light of lime burials at St. Rombout's cemetery in Mechelen, Belgium (10th–18th centuries)

Schotsmans

Vijver

Wilson

et al. 2015

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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Section: Limestone and Its Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Limestone and Its Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Characterisation Of White Residues In Burialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Interpreting lime burials. A discussion in light of lime burials at St. Rombout's cemetery in Mechelen, Belgium (10th–18th centuries)

Schotsmans

Vijver

Wilson

et al. 2015

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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“…lime putty. The putty is obtained when water excess is added during hydration of CaO (Elert et al 2002); both the preparation of putty and its aging by longterm storage under water have been known to mankind since early ages (Kingery et al 1988;Ashurst 1990). In particular, the aging of putty improves its performance in terms of plasticity, workability and water retention, allowing the preparation of durable high quality plasters (Bonell 1934).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidation of Wall Paintings and Stone

Baglioni

Chelazzi

Giorgi

2014

Nanotechnologies in the Conservation of Cultural Heritage

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Several degradation processes affect immovable works of art such as wall paintings and stone. For example, the loss of binder and the crystallization of salts within the pores of the substrate lead to the detachment of surface layers and the flaking of pigments. Synthetic polymers have been used for consolidation purposes since the 1960s due to their short term appealing performances and a misconception about their stability. However, these materials can undergo degradation, besides they alter the physico-chemical properties of inorganic porous matrices, possibly damaging the works of art. Alternatively, inorganic compounds such as alkaline earth hydroxides can be used for the durable consolidation of artistic and historical objects. The effectiveness of the treatment is highly increased when the size of the consolidants is reduced to the nanoscale, and dispersions of nanoparticles in solvents (e.g. alcohols) exhibit good penetration and consolidating power. This chapter illustrates the main formulations of nanomaterials that have been developed in the last decades for the consolidation of wall paintings and stone, providing references to real case studies and application fields. Finally, a whole section is dedicated to applicative procedures and protocols for the use of nanoparticles dispersions.

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“…13 The earliest plaster is known to be in Eynan (Israel) dating back to the Natufian period, approximately 12,000-15,000 years ago. 15,16 From that time period forward, plaster has been observed in archaeological contexts throughout the world, including the Far East, the Levant, Africa, Europe, Scandinavia, and the Americas. 6,9,10,14,[17][18][19][20] Plaster can serve a structural function or an aesthetic purpose in buildings, 14 and it has also been used in cultic contexts as funerial coverings.…”

Section: An Introduction To Lime Plastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Materials Science Challenges in Radiocarbon Dating: The Case of Archaeological Plasters

Poduska

2013

JOM

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Structural, compositional, and isotopic characterization techniques are critically important to help identify pristine materials that are suitable for accurate and precise radiocarbon dating. Lime plasters, cements, and mortars are ideal materials for establishing firm and secure dates in the archaeological record as human-constructed living surfaces and installations. However, the often complex composite structures of plasters and their susceptibility to diagenetic processes have impeded the development of a reliable and reproducible method to identify the best specimens for dating. In this article we present an overview of the plaster production process and the radiocarbon dating method. We explain how material characterization techniques and radiocarbon dating can be integrated to make progress toward the ultimate goal of relating radiocarbon concentrations with environmental, sample preparation, and/or diagenetic conditions in which the plaster existed. A key aspect of this strategy relies on implementing material characterization techniques in the field, during an excavation, to help establish the archaeological context in which datable material is recovered.

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The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology, Part II: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East

Cited by 68 publications

References 32 publications

Interpreting lime burials. A discussion in light of lime burials at St. Rombout's cemetery in Mechelen, Belgium (10th–18th centuries)

Interpreting lime burials. A discussion in light of lime burials at St. Rombout's cemetery in Mechelen, Belgium (10th–18th centuries)

Consolidation of Wall Paintings and Stone

Materials Science Challenges in Radiocarbon Dating: The Case of Archaeological Plasters

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