The bacterial condensin/cohesin‐like protein complex acts in DNA repair and regulation of gene expression

Dervyn, Etienne; Noirot‐Gros, Marie‐Françoise; Mervelet, Peggy; McGovern, Steven; Ehrlich, S. Dusko; Polard, Patrice; Naveilhan, Philippe

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2003.03951.x

Cited by 54 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Interestingly, ScpA has been shown to interact with transcription factors and several additional proteins in a two-hybrid system, and to affect the function of a two-component system regulating sugar metabolism (Dervyn et al, 2004). In any event, the defect in protein synthesis in smc mutant cells could be almost entirely cured by overproduction of Topo IV, indicating that the defect of the smc deletion is due to a lack of supercoiling, which can be rescued by increased Topo IV activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Genetic interaction of the SMC complex with topoisomerase IV in Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2005

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The role of topoisomerase IV (Topo IV) and of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex in chromosome compaction and in global protein synthesis was investigated. Lowering of the levels of Topo IV led to chromosome decondensation, while overproduction induced chromosome hyper-compaction, showing that Topo IV has an influence on the compaction of the whole chromosome, in a manner similar to that of the SMC protein, though different in mechanism. Increased synthesis of Topo IV in smc-deleted cells partially rescued the growth and condensation defect of the deletion, but not the segregation defect, revealing that the two systems interact at a genetic level. Two-dimensional gel investigations showed that global protein synthesis is highly aberrant in smc-deleted cells, and, to a different extent, also in cells lacking ScpA or ScpB, which form the SMC complex together with SMC protein. Overproduction of Topo IV partially rescued the defect in protein synthesis in smc mutant cells, indicating that Topo IV can restore the loss of negative supercoiling caused by the absence of SMC protein, but does not fully rescue the segregation defect. The data also show that the SMC protein has a dual function, in chromosome supercoiling and in active segregation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Genetic interaction of the SMC complex with topoisomerase IV in Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2005

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“…In addition, Smc2 and Smc4 are involved in X chromosome gene dosage compensation and mitotic chromosome condensation (e.g., see references 85 to 87). Chromosome organization and segregation in B. subtilis are accomplished by the SMC complex, which includes SMC, ScpA (kleisin), and ScpB (35,36,144,214,246,395,400) (98). In support of a role for ScpA in homologous recombination, point mutations in ScpA were identified that rendered cells sensitive to mitomycin C challenge (98).…”

Section: Potential Roles For Other Smc-like Proteins In Dsb Repairmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

Lenhart

Schroeder

Walsh

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

148

155

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SUMMARY From microbes to multicellular eukaryotic organisms, all cells contain pathways responsible for genome maintenance. DNA replication allows for the faithful duplication of the genome, whereas DNA repair pathways preserve DNA integrity in response to damage originating from endogenous and exogenous sources. The basic pathways important for DNA replication and repair are often conserved throughout biology. In bacteria, high-fidelity repair is balanced with low-fidelity repair and mutagenesis. Such a balance is important for maintaining viability while providing an opportunity for the advantageous selection of mutations when faced with a changing environment. Over the last decade, studies of DNA repair pathways in bacteria have demonstrated considerable differences between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Here we review and discuss the DNA repair, genome maintenance, and DNA damage checkpoint pathways of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We present their molecular mechanisms and compare the functions and regulation of several pathways with known information on other organisms. We also discuss DNA repair during different growth phases and the developmental program of sporulation. In summary, we present a review of the function, regulation, and molecular mechanisms of DNA repair and mutagenesis in Gram-positive bacteria, with a strong emphasis on B. subtilis.

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“…These results imply that the bacterial SMC complex may be much closer to condensins than cohesin. Nevertheless, evidence is also available that B. subtilis SMC (or its distant relative MukB in E. coli) may have cohesin-like functions such as keeping together the newly replicated sister DNAs (Sunako et al 2001;Lindow et al 2002b) or promoting DNA repair (Dervyn et al 2004). From an evolutionary point of view, bacterial SMC proteins belong to the main branch of the SMC family that includes SMC1, SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4 but not SMC5 or SMC6 (Cobbe and Heck 2004).…”

Section: Bacterial Smc Linkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic molecular linkers of the genome: the first decade of SMC proteins

Losada¹,

Hirano²

2005

Genes Dev.

330

311

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Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins are chromosomal ATPases, highly conserved from bacteria to humans, that play fundamental roles in many aspects of higher-order chromosome organization and dynamics. In eukaryotes, SMC1 and SMC3 act as the core of the cohesin complexes that mediate sister chromatid cohesion, whereas SMC2 and SMC4 function as the core of the condensin complexes that are essential for chromosome assembly and segregation. Another complex containing SMC5 and SMC6 is implicated in DNA repair and checkpoint responses. The SMC complexes form unique ring-or V-shaped structures with long coiled-coil arms, and function as ATP-modulated, dynamic molecular linkers of the genome. Recent studies shed new light on the mechanistic action of these SMC machines and also expanded the repertoire of their diverse cellular functions. Dissecting this class of chromosomal ATPases is likely to be central to our understanding of the structural basis of genome organization, stability, and evolution.The chromosome is at the heart of all genetic processes. Its precise duplication and segregation are arguably the most important goal of the mitotic cell cycle, and programmed expression of its content, either genetic or epigenetic, is central to the development of an organism. While the astonishing advancement of genome biology in recent years has provided an advanced starting point for virtually all areas in biology, it does not solve an old problem in chromosome biology: How is the genomic DNA folded, organized, and segregated in the tiny space of a cell? The discovery of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins, almost a decade ago, provided a decisive clue to solve this longstanding question, and led to the identification of cohesin and condensins, two representative classes of SMC-containing complexes in eukaryotes. The proposed actions of cohesin and condensins offer a plausible, if not complete, explanation for the sudden appearance of thread-like "substances" (the chromosomes) and their longitudinal splitting during mitosis, first described by Walther Flemming (1882). Remarkably, SMC proteins are conserved among the three phyla of life, indicating that the basic strategy of chromosome organization may be evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. An emerging theme is that SMC proteins are dynamic molecular linkers of the genome that actively fold, tether, and manipulate DNA strands. Their diverse functions range far beyond chromosome segregation, and involve nearly all aspects of chromosome behavior including chromosome-wide or long-range gene regulation and DNA repair. In this review article, we summarize our current understanding of SMC proteins with a major focus on studies published during the past three years. We start by describing the architecture and mechanistic actions of SMC protein complexes, and then discuss how the concerted actions of cohesin and condensin support the faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Finally, emerging studies of a third S...

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The bacterial condensin/cohesin‐like protein complex acts in DNA repair and regulation of gene expression

Cited by 54 publications

References 46 publications

Genetic interaction of the SMC complex with topoisomerase IV in Bacillus subtilis

Genetic interaction of the SMC complex with topoisomerase IV in Bacillus subtilis

DNA Repair and Genome Maintenance in Bacillus subtilis

Dynamic molecular linkers of the genome: the first decade of SMC proteins

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