The Association of Free Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids with the Severity of Depressive Symptoms in Stroke Patients

Abstract

The study was designed to demonstrate the relationship of free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids levels with the severity of depressive symptoms in stroke. The ischemic stroke patients (n = 74) were included in the prospective study. The risk of depression was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) 7 days and 6 months after the stroke onset. FFAs and inflammatory metabolites were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. In the acute phase of stroke, BDI-II and FFAs inversely correlated with C13:0 tridecanoic acid, C15:1 cis-10-pentadecanoid acid, C17:1 cis-10- heptadecanoid acid, C18:0 stearic acid, C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid, C22:1cis13 docosenoic acid and C22:6n3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA level was significantly lower in patients with low vs. high BDI-II score. In the follow-up examination, BDI-II score directly correlated with C16:0 palmitic acid. The changes in BDI-II score during 6-month observation inversely correlated with lipoxin A4 and protectin D1, and directly correlated with 5-oxo-ETE. Importantly, the severity of depressive symptoms was associated with n3 PUFA level. Diet-derived FFAs were observed to potentially affect the inflammatory pathways in pathogenesis of depression in stroke and reduced DHA levels can attenuate depressive symptoms in stroke patients.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Systemic Biomarkers and Cognition in Late Middle-Aged Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Both lipid metabolism ( 108 ) and BDNF ( 109 ) play a role in mood disorders. Multiple phospho-and sphingolipids were tightly associated with change in BDNF levels, suggesting regulation of BDNF levels ( 110 ). As depression is linked to AD ( 111 ) it would be of interest in further studies to examine the association between mood, exercise, and lipid metabolomics in older adults with AD risk factors.…”

“…Multiple phospho-and sphingolipids were tightly associated with change in BDNF levels, suggesting regulation of BDNF levels(110). As depression is linked to AD (111) it would be of interest in further studies to examine the association between mood, exercise, and lipid metabolomics in older adults with AD risk factors.While the overall effects of exercise in this study appear to be beneficial for brain function, some aspects remain unclear.…”

Lactobacillus paracasei Supplementation Prevents Early Life Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depressive-Like Behavior in Maternal Separation Model-Possible Involvement of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Differential Regulation of MicroRNA124a/132 and Glutamate Receptors

“…An earlier study has described how the low-molecular-weight metabolites produced by the gut microbiota are considered to be a marker of pathogenesis ( De Angelis et al, 2013 ). The reduced level of metabolites (Hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecanoic acid, Tridecanoic acid, and Tetradecanoic acid) could be associated with the anxiety and depressive-like behavior observed in this study ( Bernal-Morales et al, 2017 ; Kotlega et al, 2020 ). In agreement with earlier reports ( Contreras et al, 2011 , 2014 ), identified metabolites are restored to the basal level in individuals supplemented with Lactobacillus and showed anxiolytic behavior.…”

“…Whereas miR-132 also responds to stress and positively influences postsynaptic proteins; thus, it activates post-synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) (GluR1, GluR2) and N -methyl- D -aspartate (NMDA) (NR2A and NR2B) ( Kawashima et al, 2010 ; Wanet et al, 2012 ). Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the existence of bidirectional communication between the HPA axis and the gut microbiota, and linking anxiety and depressive behavior ( Crumeyrolle-Arias et al, 2014 ; Vuong and Hsiao, 2017 ), in addition to neuroactive microbial metabolites ( Bernal-Morales et al, 2017 ; Kotlega et al, 2020 ). Subsequent studies have indicated that supplementation with probiotics such as Lactobacilli positively influence the gut microbiota and restore the HPA axis ( Bercik et al, 2012 ), attenuating emotional behavior and cognitive impairment against stress ( Bravo et al, 2011 ; Liang et al, 2015 ; McVey Neufeld et al, 2019 ).…”

The Role of Resolvins: EPA and DHA Derivatives Can Be Useful in the Prevention and Treatment of Ischemic Stroke

“…The same authors found that there was a relationship between the severity of depressive symptoms in stroke patients and the level of eicosanoids and free fatty acid (measured seven days after the incident and six months later). Patients with lower levels of DHA and its derivative (RvD1) had worse results by the Beck Depression Inventory-II [9]. The aim of this study is to overview the risk factors associated with stroke, the role of inflammation in stroke and the effects of EPA and DHA derivatives on the aspects of stroke pathomechanisms.…”