The Association Between Apolipoprotein E Allele  4 and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenic Relationship or Differential Survival Bias

Apolipoprotein E allelic frequency in elderly smokers

“…Not only is this consistent with the previous age-based studies, but also with a decreased prevalence of ⑀4 alleles in older populations as reported in the literature for Alzheimer disease and coronary heart disease cohorts [Eggertsen et al, 1993;ChartierHarlin et al, 1994;Xhignesse et al, 1991;Henderson et al, 1995;Kamboh et al, 1995]. These elderly smokers may be an interesting study population for the occurrence of Alzheimer disease, especially since there is some evidence, though disputed [Riggs and Keefover, 1994], that nicotine consumption is protective against Alzheimer disease [Graves et al, 1991;van Duijn and Hofman, 1991].…”

“…This group of ''smoking survivors'' represents a protective selection effect because they do not include people who are relatively more sensitive to the effects of smoking, having died already from other diseases, including cancer [Riggs and Keefover, 1994]. Although a small group, it allows for the preliminary testing of the hypothesis that if some genetic polymorphisms place people at risk for human disease, then these same polymorphisms also predict a relative resistance to the disease.…”

Apolipoprotein E allelic frequency in elderly smokers

“…Not only is this consistent with the previous age-based studies, but also with a decreased prevalence of ⑀4 alleles in older populations as reported in the literature for Alzheimer disease and coronary heart disease cohorts [Eggertsen et al, 1993;ChartierHarlin et al, 1994;Xhignesse et al, 1991;Henderson et al, 1995;Kamboh et al, 1995]. These elderly smokers may be an interesting study population for the occurrence of Alzheimer disease, especially since there is some evidence, though disputed [Riggs and Keefover, 1994], that nicotine consumption is protective against Alzheimer disease [Graves et al, 1991;van Duijn and Hofman, 1991].…”

“…This group of ''smoking survivors'' represents a protective selection effect because they do not include people who are relatively more sensitive to the effects of smoking, having died already from other diseases, including cancer [Riggs and Keefover, 1994]. Although a small group, it allows for the preliminary testing of the hypothesis that if some genetic polymorphisms place people at risk for human disease, then these same polymorphisms also predict a relative resistance to the disease.…”

The use of apolipoprotein E genotype for preclinical detection of risk's group for Alzheimer's disease

“…Despite the widely confirmed characterization of the APOE ⑀4 allele as an important risk factor for AD, the value of using the APOE genotype as a predictive tool in a clinical practice as well as the social and ethical impact of genetic testing in AD have recently been questioned [Mihill et al, 1993;Riggs et al, 1994;Roses et al, 1994;Burgess et al, 1995;Corder et al, 1995;Karlinsky et al, 1995].…”

Apolipoprotein E allelic frequency in elderly smokers

“…Not only is this consistent with the previous age-based studies, but also with a decreased prevalence of ⑀4 alleles in older populations as reported in the literature for Alzheimer disease and coronary heart disease cohorts [Eggertsen et al, 1993;ChartierHarlin et al, 1994;Xhignesse et al, 1991;Henderson et al, 1995;Kamboh et al, 1995]. These elderly smokers may be an interesting study population for the occurrence of Alzheimer disease, especially since there is some evidence, though disputed [Riggs and Keefover, 1994], that nicotine consumption is protective against Alzheimer disease [Graves et al, 1991;van Duijn and Hofman, 1991].…”

“…This group of ''smoking survivors'' represents a protective selection effect because they do not include people who are relatively more sensitive to the effects of smoking, having died already from other diseases, including cancer [Riggs and Keefover, 1994]. Although a small group, it allows for the preliminary testing of the hypothesis that if some genetic polymorphisms place people at risk for human disease, then these same polymorphisms also predict a relative resistance to the disease.…”

The use of apolipoprotein E genotype for preclinical detection of risk's group for Alzheimer's disease

“…Despite the widely confirmed characterization of the APOE ⑀4 allele as an important risk factor for AD, the value of using the APOE genotype as a predictive tool in a clinical practice as well as the social and ethical impact of genetic testing in AD have recently been questioned [Mihill et al, 1993;Riggs et al, 1994;Roses et al, 1994;Burgess et al, 1995;Corder et al, 1995;Karlinsky et al, 1995].…”

Apolipoprotein E allelic frequency in elderly smokers

“…Not only is this consistent with the previous age-based studies, but also with a decreased prevalence of ⑀4 alleles in older populations as reported in the literature for Alzheimer disease and coronary heart disease cohorts [Eggertsen et al, 1993;ChartierHarlin et al, 1994;Xhignesse et al, 1991;Henderson et al, 1995;Kamboh et al, 1995]. These elderly smokers may be an interesting study population for the occurrence of Alzheimer disease, especially since there is some evidence, though disputed [Riggs and Keefover, 1994], that nicotine consumption is protective against Alzheimer disease [Graves et al, 1991;van Duijn and Hofman, 1991].…”

“…This group of ''smoking survivors'' represents a protective selection effect because they do not include people who are relatively more sensitive to the effects of smoking, having died already from other diseases, including cancer [Riggs and Keefover, 1994]. Although a small group, it allows for the preliminary testing of the hypothesis that if some genetic polymorphisms place people at risk for human disease, then these same polymorphisms also predict a relative resistance to the disease.…”

The use of apolipoprotein E genotype for preclinical detection of risk's group for Alzheimer's disease

“…Despite the widely confirmed characterization of the APOE ⑀4 allele as an important risk factor for AD, the value of using the APOE genotype as a predictive tool in a clinical practice as well as the social and ethical impact of genetic testing in AD have recently been questioned [Mihill et al, 1993;Riggs et al, 1994;Roses et al, 1994;Burgess et al, 1995;Corder et al, 1995;Karlinsky et al, 1995].…”