The Apoptotic Effect of Caffeic or Chlorogenic Acid on the C32 Cells That Have Simultaneously Been Exposed to a Static Magnetic Field

Abstract

The induction of apoptosis is one of the main goals of the designed anti-cancer therapies. In recent years, increased attention has been paid to the physical factors such as magnetic fields and to the natural bioactive compounds and the possibilities using them in medicine. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of caffeic or chlorogenic acid in combination with a moderate-strength static magnetic field on C32 melanoma cells by assessing the effect of both factors on the apoptotic process. The apoptosis of the C32 cells was evaluated using a flow cytometry analysis. The expression of the apoptosis-associated genes was determined using the RT-qPCR technique. The caspase activity and the concentration of the oxidative damage markers were also measured. It was found that phenolic acids and a static magnetic field trigger the apoptosis of the C32 cells and also affect the expression of the genes encoding the apoptosis regulatory proteins. In conclusion, our study indicated that both of the phenolic acids and a static magnetic field can be used supportively in the treatment of melanoma and that caffeic acid is more pro-apoptotic than chlorogenic acid.

Phenolic acids and a static magnetic field change the expression of transforming growth factor β isoforms in amelanotic melanoma cells

“…Plant compounds are widely used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. In our previous research, we have already proved the positive effect of chlorogenic and caffeic acid and a static magnetic field on melanoma cells in the aspect of oxidative stress, cell redox homeostasis and apoptosis [ 28 , 33 ]. In turn, Li et al [ 37 ] demonstrated the effectiveness of treatment consisting of a combination of sialic acid modified chlorogenic acid liposome therapy (CA-SAL) in combination with anti-PD1 (anti-programmed death protein 1) antibody treatment.…”

“…Hence, a both polyphenols and a SMF can act synergistically together. Furthermore, we previously demonstrated their synergistic effect in inducing apoptosis in C32 cells [ 28 ] and also that a static magnetic field may be use in the design of new therapeutic strategies for diseases in the pathogenesis of which are played by disturbance of the signaling cascades that are associated with the activity of TGFβ [ 50 ]. Their common effect on cells is rather not due to the influence of a SMF on the structure of molecules [ 51 ], but it results from their similar mechanisms of action.…”

“…The experiment was conducted under the conditions described previously [ 28 ]. The C32 cells were seeded in 25 cm 2 cell culture flasks (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and after 24 h of incubation, the cells were treated with chlorogenic acid (CGA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or caffeic acid (CA, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a concentration of 1 mmol/L with simultaneous exposure to a moderate-intensity static magnetic field (0.7 T) and cultured in an incubator with a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO 2 at 37 °C.…”

“…The intensity of field was selected on the based on the previous results that showed the possibility of its use in a cancer treatment [ 28 , 31 ]. Also the concentration of the phenolic acids was selected on the based on the previous research that showed their cytotoxic properties and the ability to induce apoptosis of melanoma cells while normal cells were not affected [ 28 , 32 , 33 ].…”

pH-Responsive epitope-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles for selective separation and extraction of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in traditional Chinese medicines

“…Chlorogenic acid is an esterification product of caffeic acid and quinic acid. They often coexist in Taraxaci Herba , 1 Lonicerae Japonicae Flos , 2 Eucommiae Folium 3 and other traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and play many pharmacological roles, such as antioxidation, 4 antiviral, 5 antitumor 6 and anti-inflammatory agents. 7 However, the content of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in TCMs is often low, while other coexisting chemical substances are huge, complex and diverse, and their content spans multiple orders of magnitude.…”