The Anatomy, Clinical Syndromes and Physiology of the Extrapyramidal System

Arteriosclerosis in Parkinsonism

“…Authors differ on what they consider the disturbances of function comprising Parkinsonism (Table II), and they do not always abide by their own criteria of the syndrome. If a comprehensive definition is used (e.g., Critchley, 1929;Denny-Brown, 1959) Parkinsonism can be due to manganese poisoning, yet this resembles Wilson's disease rather than paralysis agitans (Turner, 1955): also Parkinsonism may occur in Huntington's chorea (Bittenbender and Quadfasel, 1962;Denny-Brown, 1962) yet these ordinarily are thought of as contrasting types of extrapyramidal disorder (Jakob, 1925). Critchley's (1929) criteria allowed him to describe an 'arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism' with tremor as an unusual feature, whereas a more restrictive definition would not have permitted the use of 'Parkinsonism' in this connexion.…”

“…Subsequent authors (e.g., Alexander, 1942;Davison, 1942;Schneider and Williams, 1949;Doshay, 1954) The essential locus of pathology in Parkinsonism is uncertain. In paralysis agitans lesions have been described at many levels of the neuraxis, from cerebral cortex (Foix, 1921) to sympathetic ganglia (den Hartog Jager and Bethlem, 1960), but the most frequently mentioned and presumably significant ones lie in the substantia nigra (Brissaud, 1895;Tretiakoff, 1919;Foix, 1921;Hassler, 1938;Klaue, 1940;Greenfield and Bosanquet, 1953;Greenfield, 1955Greenfield, , 1958, the striatum (Lewy, 1913;Jakob, 1925;Hassler, Riechert, Mundinger, Umbach, and Ganglberger, 1960), or the pallidum (Lewy, 1913;Hunt, 1917Hunt, , 1937Foix and Nicolesco, 1925;Denny-Brown, 1962).…”

Arteriosclerosis in Parkinsonism

“…Authors differ on what they consider the disturbances of function comprising Parkinsonism (Table II), and they do not always abide by their own criteria of the syndrome. If a comprehensive definition is used (e.g., Critchley, 1929;Denny-Brown, 1959) Parkinsonism can be due to manganese poisoning, yet this resembles Wilson's disease rather than paralysis agitans (Turner, 1955): also Parkinsonism may occur in Huntington's chorea (Bittenbender and Quadfasel, 1962;Denny-Brown, 1962) yet these ordinarily are thought of as contrasting types of extrapyramidal disorder (Jakob, 1925). Critchley's (1929) criteria allowed him to describe an 'arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism' with tremor as an unusual feature, whereas a more restrictive definition would not have permitted the use of 'Parkinsonism' in this connexion.…”

“…Subsequent authors (e.g., Alexander, 1942;Davison, 1942;Schneider and Williams, 1949;Doshay, 1954) The essential locus of pathology in Parkinsonism is uncertain. In paralysis agitans lesions have been described at many levels of the neuraxis, from cerebral cortex (Foix, 1921) to sympathetic ganglia (den Hartog Jager and Bethlem, 1960), but the most frequently mentioned and presumably significant ones lie in the substantia nigra (Brissaud, 1895;Tretiakoff, 1919;Foix, 1921;Hassler, 1938;Klaue, 1940;Greenfield and Bosanquet, 1953;Greenfield, 1955Greenfield, , 1958, the striatum (Lewy, 1913;Jakob, 1925;Hassler, Riechert, Mundinger, Umbach, and Ganglberger, 1960), or the pallidum (Lewy, 1913;Hunt, 1917Hunt, , 1937Foix and Nicolesco, 1925;Denny-Brown, 1962).…”

The Unbearable Lightness of the Extrapyramidal System

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Basal ganglia: structure and computations

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Arteriosclerosis in Parkinsonism

“…Authors differ on what they consider the disturbances of function comprising Parkinsonism (Table II), and they do not always abide by their own criteria of the syndrome. If a comprehensive definition is used (e.g., Critchley, 1929;Denny-Brown, 1959) Parkinsonism can be due to manganese poisoning, yet this resembles Wilson's disease rather than paralysis agitans (Turner, 1955): also Parkinsonism may occur in Huntington's chorea (Bittenbender and Quadfasel, 1962;Denny-Brown, 1962) yet these ordinarily are thought of as contrasting types of extrapyramidal disorder (Jakob, 1925). Critchley's (1929) criteria allowed him to describe an 'arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism' with tremor as an unusual feature, whereas a more restrictive definition would not have permitted the use of 'Parkinsonism' in this connexion.…”

“…Subsequent authors (e.g., Alexander, 1942;Davison, 1942;Schneider and Williams, 1949;Doshay, 1954) The essential locus of pathology in Parkinsonism is uncertain. In paralysis agitans lesions have been described at many levels of the neuraxis, from cerebral cortex (Foix, 1921) to sympathetic ganglia (den Hartog Jager and Bethlem, 1960), but the most frequently mentioned and presumably significant ones lie in the substantia nigra (Brissaud, 1895;Tretiakoff, 1919;Foix, 1921;Hassler, 1938;Klaue, 1940;Greenfield and Bosanquet, 1953;Greenfield, 1955Greenfield, , 1958, the striatum (Lewy, 1913;Jakob, 1925;Hassler, Riechert, Mundinger, Umbach, and Ganglberger, 1960), or the pallidum (Lewy, 1913;Hunt, 1917Hunt, , 1937Foix and Nicolesco, 1925;Denny-Brown, 1962).…”

The Unbearable Lightness of the Extrapyramidal System

“……”

Basal ganglia: structure and computations

“……”

Arteriosclerosis in Parkinsonism

“…Authors differ on what they consider the disturbances of function comprising Parkinsonism (Table II), and they do not always abide by their own criteria of the syndrome. If a comprehensive definition is used (e.g., Critchley, 1929;Denny-Brown, 1959) Parkinsonism can be due to manganese poisoning, yet this resembles Wilson's disease rather than paralysis agitans (Turner, 1955): also Parkinsonism may occur in Huntington's chorea (Bittenbender and Quadfasel, 1962;Denny-Brown, 1962) yet these ordinarily are thought of as contrasting types of extrapyramidal disorder (Jakob, 1925). Critchley's (1929) criteria allowed him to describe an 'arteriosclerotic Parkinsonism' with tremor as an unusual feature, whereas a more restrictive definition would not have permitted the use of 'Parkinsonism' in this connexion.…”

“…Subsequent authors (e.g., Alexander, 1942;Davison, 1942;Schneider and Williams, 1949;Doshay, 1954) The essential locus of pathology in Parkinsonism is uncertain. In paralysis agitans lesions have been described at many levels of the neuraxis, from cerebral cortex (Foix, 1921) to sympathetic ganglia (den Hartog Jager and Bethlem, 1960), but the most frequently mentioned and presumably significant ones lie in the substantia nigra (Brissaud, 1895;Tretiakoff, 1919;Foix, 1921;Hassler, 1938;Klaue, 1940;Greenfield and Bosanquet, 1953;Greenfield, 1955Greenfield, , 1958, the striatum (Lewy, 1913;Jakob, 1925;Hassler, Riechert, Mundinger, Umbach, and Ganglberger, 1960), or the pallidum (Lewy, 1913;Hunt, 1917Hunt, , 1937Foix and Nicolesco, 1925;Denny-Brown, 1962).…”

The Unbearable Lightness of the Extrapyramidal System

“……”

Basal ganglia: structure and computations

“……”