The anaerobic molluscan heart: Adaptation to environmental anoxia. Comparison with energy metabolism in vertebrate hearts

Anaerobiosis and organ-specific regulation of glycolysis in a marine whelk

“…Alanine and succinate accumulated in a 2: 1 ratio in radular retractor and gill, but the ratio was 12.5: 1 in foot. Aspartate depletion and alanine accumulation were balanced in radular retractor and gill (and in foot between 4 and 12 h), indicating, as has been documented in other species, that the two are linked by amino group transfer (Collicutt and Hochachka 1977;de Zwaan et al 1982;Kluytmans and Zandee 1983;Gade 1983;Gade and Ellington 1983). Early in anoxia, however, foot rapidly accumulated alanine without aspartate depletion (or succinate production), suggesting that the first response of foot to anoxia is a reliance on the routes of energy production commonly used during work (functional anoxia) in this white muscle (i.e., arginine phosphate hydrolysis and fermentative glycolysis ending in alanine accumulation).…”

Anaerobiosis and organ-specific regulation of glycolysis in a marine whelk

“…Alanine and succinate accumulated in a 2: 1 ratio in radular retractor and gill, but the ratio was 12.5: 1 in foot. Aspartate depletion and alanine accumulation were balanced in radular retractor and gill (and in foot between 4 and 12 h), indicating, as has been documented in other species, that the two are linked by amino group transfer (Collicutt and Hochachka 1977;de Zwaan et al 1982;Kluytmans and Zandee 1983;Gade 1983;Gade and Ellington 1983). Early in anoxia, however, foot rapidly accumulated alanine without aspartate depletion (or succinate production), suggesting that the first response of foot to anoxia is a reliance on the routes of energy production commonly used during work (functional anoxia) in this white muscle (i.e., arginine phosphate hydrolysis and fermentative glycolysis ending in alanine accumulation).…”

The Association of Benthic Infauna with Fine-Grained Organic-Rich Sediments in a Shallow Subtropical Estuary

“…Gray et al [44], in reviewing hypoxia, concluded that crustaceans were the most sensitive, followed by annelids, and finally mollusks. This is likely due to the respective metabolic adaptations of the three phyla [63,64]. Conditions correlating with OM content (small particles, H 2 S, porosity) may have a larger impact on mollusks than low oxygen levels alone.…”

Surviving anoxia: the maintenance of energy production and tissue integrity during anoxia and reoxygenation

“…These include pathways that avoid lactate production, or that convert lactate to alternative end products that minimize, or negate, the negative effects of lactate accumulation (Hochachka and Somero, 2002). Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016).…”

“…Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016). Anoxia-tolerant invertebrates can catalyse the conversion of PEP to oxaloacetate, which increases the efficiency of anaerobic ATP production (Hochachka and Somero, 2002;Livingstone, 1991;Schöttler and Wienhausen, 1981).…”

Anaerobiosis and organ-specific regulation of glycolysis in a marine whelk

“…Alanine and succinate accumulated in a 2: 1 ratio in radular retractor and gill, but the ratio was 12.5: 1 in foot. Aspartate depletion and alanine accumulation were balanced in radular retractor and gill (and in foot between 4 and 12 h), indicating, as has been documented in other species, that the two are linked by amino group transfer (Collicutt and Hochachka 1977;de Zwaan et al 1982;Kluytmans and Zandee 1983;Gade 1983;Gade and Ellington 1983). Early in anoxia, however, foot rapidly accumulated alanine without aspartate depletion (or succinate production), suggesting that the first response of foot to anoxia is a reliance on the routes of energy production commonly used during work (functional anoxia) in this white muscle (i.e., arginine phosphate hydrolysis and fermentative glycolysis ending in alanine accumulation).…”

The Association of Benthic Infauna with Fine-Grained Organic-Rich Sediments in a Shallow Subtropical Estuary

“…Gray et al [44], in reviewing hypoxia, concluded that crustaceans were the most sensitive, followed by annelids, and finally mollusks. This is likely due to the respective metabolic adaptations of the three phyla [63,64]. Conditions correlating with OM content (small particles, H 2 S, porosity) may have a larger impact on mollusks than low oxygen levels alone.…”

Surviving anoxia: the maintenance of energy production and tissue integrity during anoxia and reoxygenation

“…These include pathways that avoid lactate production, or that convert lactate to alternative end products that minimize, or negate, the negative effects of lactate accumulation (Hochachka and Somero, 2002). Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016).…”

“…Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016). Anoxia-tolerant invertebrates can catalyse the conversion of PEP to oxaloacetate, which increases the efficiency of anaerobic ATP production (Hochachka and Somero, 2002;Livingstone, 1991;Schöttler and Wienhausen, 1981).…”

Anaerobiosis and organ-specific regulation of glycolysis in a marine whelk

“…Alanine and succinate accumulated in a 2: 1 ratio in radular retractor and gill, but the ratio was 12.5: 1 in foot. Aspartate depletion and alanine accumulation were balanced in radular retractor and gill (and in foot between 4 and 12 h), indicating, as has been documented in other species, that the two are linked by amino group transfer (Collicutt and Hochachka 1977;de Zwaan et al 1982;Kluytmans and Zandee 1983;Gade 1983;Gade and Ellington 1983). Early in anoxia, however, foot rapidly accumulated alanine without aspartate depletion (or succinate production), suggesting that the first response of foot to anoxia is a reliance on the routes of energy production commonly used during work (functional anoxia) in this white muscle (i.e., arginine phosphate hydrolysis and fermentative glycolysis ending in alanine accumulation).…”

The Association of Benthic Infauna with Fine-Grained Organic-Rich Sediments in a Shallow Subtropical Estuary

“…Gray et al [44], in reviewing hypoxia, concluded that crustaceans were the most sensitive, followed by annelids, and finally mollusks. This is likely due to the respective metabolic adaptations of the three phyla [63,64]. Conditions correlating with OM content (small particles, H 2 S, porosity) may have a larger impact on mollusks than low oxygen levels alone.…”

Surviving anoxia: the maintenance of energy production and tissue integrity during anoxia and reoxygenation

“…These include pathways that avoid lactate production, or that convert lactate to alternative end products that minimize, or negate, the negative effects of lactate accumulation (Hochachka and Somero, 2002). Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016).…”

“…Other anoxia-tolerant species use alternative fuels, instead of glucose, for ATP production (Collicutt and Hochachka, 1977;Foreman and Ellington, 1983;Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Fields et al, 1976), and carp species can generate ethanol during anoxia exposure (Fagernes et al, 2017;Johnston and Bernard, 1983;Shoubridge and Hochachka, 1980). In addition, invertebrates can combine pyruvate with specific amino acids through opine pathways to generate alternative end products (Gäde and Ellington, 1983;Somero et al, 2016). Anoxia-tolerant invertebrates can catalyse the conversion of PEP to oxaloacetate, which increases the efficiency of anaerobic ATP production (Hochachka and Somero, 2002;Livingstone, 1991;Schöttler and Wienhausen, 1981).…”