The Algorithm and Structure for Digital Normalized Cross-Correlation by Using First-Order Moment

Pan, Chao; Lv, Zhicheng; Xia, Hua; Li, Hongyan

doi:10.3390/s20051353

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…We calculated the cross-correlation function using the Fast Fourier Transform mode of Scipy numerical library (v. 1.10) 55 . The computational complexity of this algorithm is 56 . The time of particular cross-correlation computation is 1199.46 ms.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

Buchner

Zajdel

Pęczalski

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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A satisfactory model of the biopotentials propagating through the human body is essential for medical diagnostics, particularly for cardiovascular diseases. In our study, we develop the theory, that the propagation of biopotential of cardiac origin (ECG signal) may be treated as the propagation of low-frequency endogenous electromagnetic wave through the human body. We show that within this approach, the velocity of the ECG signal can be theoretically estimated, like for any other wave and physical medium, from the refraction index of the tissue in an appropriate frequency range. We confirm the theoretical predictions by the comparison with a direct measurement of the ECG signal propagation velocity and obtain mean velocity as low as v=1500 m/s. The results shed new light on our understanding of biopotential propagation through living tissue. This propagation depends on the frequency band of the signal and the transmittance of the tissue. This finding may improve the interpretation of the electric measurements, such as ECG and EEG when the frequency dependence of conductance and the phase shift introduced by the tissue is considered. We have shown, that the ECG propagation modifies the amplitude and phase of signal to a considerable extent. It may also improve the convergence of inverse problem in electrocardiographic imaging.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

Buchner

Zajdel

Pęczalski

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…In order to describe the detailed normalized correlation concept, we need to know the cross-correlation definition. Cross-correlation is the term that describes an inner product over two sensor data sequences [ 32 ].

where f(n) is the function per-unit conversion current value of the LCC line and g(n) is the function per-unit conversion current value of the VSC line.…”

Section: Cyber Physical System Threat Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study of Cyber Attack Mitigation with the Exchange of Frequency Containment Reserves Control in a Multi-Infeed Direct Current Power System

Ramadhan

Lee

Yoon

2023

Sensors

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By 2040, the Korean government aims for a penetration rate of 30–35% of the total power from renewable sources. Due to a lack of inertia, particularly in remote systems such as those on Jeju Island, these circumstances will reduce network stability. To maintain the diversity and unpredictability of RES penetration, HVDC systems with an exchange of frequency containment reserve control are utilized. An exchange of frequency containment reserves control (E-FCR) is one of the balancing arrangement concepts of HVDC systems. However, the development of E-FCR concepts is vulnerable to cyber attacks because this concept only considers one wide-area measurement for data exchange. This study established a simultaneous cyber attack operation, i.e., an attack was set at the same time as a contingency operation that affects the balancing arrangement between two regions. Multiple possibilities of cyber attack and mitigation operations were suggested according to their ability to access information in the MIDC system. Then, a cyber detection strategy was proposed through a normalized correlation concept to activate mitigation control that could enhance the frequency stability by adjusting the value of the ramp-rate deviation between two HVDC types. By simulating the Korean power system model that was implemented in PSS/E, along with a Python script, simulation results demonstrated that a cyber attack on missing data can cause severe low-frequency nadir responses, and the proposed methodology can practically detect and mitigate cyber attacks.

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“…Systolic arrays have been proved to allow efficient VLSI implementations, as shown in [15][16][17][18][19]. It has been demonstrated that they best satisfy the trade-off between area and execution time for some important discrete transforms, as shown in [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Systolic Array Algorithms and VLSI Architectures for 1-D MDST

Chiper

Cracan

2023

Sensors

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In this paper, we present two systolic array algorithms for efficient Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) implementations of the 1-D Modified Discrete Sine Transform (MDST) using the systolic array architectural paradigm. The new algorithms decompose the computation of the MDST into modular and regular computational structures called pseudo-circular correlation and pseudo-cycle convolution. The two computational structures for pseudo-circular correlation and pseudo-cycle convolution both have the same form. This feature can be exploited to significantly reduce the hardware complexity since the two computational structures can be computed on the same linear systolic array. Moreover, the second algorithm can be used to further reduce the hardware complexity by replacing the general multipliers from the first one with multipliers with a constant that have a significantly reduced complexity. The resulting VLSI architectures have all the advantages of a cycle convolution and circular correlation based systolic implementations, such as high-speed using concurrency, an efficient use of the VLSI technology due to its local and regular interconnection topology, and low I/O cost. Moreover, in both architectures, a cost-effective application of an obfuscation technique can be achieved with low overheads.

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The Algorithm and Structure for Digital Normalized Cross-Correlation by Using First-Order Moment

Cited by 6 publications

References 35 publications

Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

Finite velocity of ECG signal propagation: preliminary theory, results of a pilot experiment and consequences for medical diagnosis

A Comprehensive Study of Cyber Attack Mitigation with the Exchange of Frequency Containment Reserves Control in a Multi-Infeed Direct Current Power System

New Systolic Array Algorithms and VLSI Architectures for 1-D MDST

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