“…The latter category of text difficulty refers to the elaborateness of concepts obtained from text studying and the integration with other concepts stored in memory (Gagne´, Walker Yekovich, & Yekovich, 1993). Although encoding difficulties, vocabulary deficiencies, and syntactic structures may equally affect text comprehension (Cunningham & Stanovich, 1991;Kinnunen & Vauras, 1995;McDaniel, Hines, & Guynn, 2002;Van Daalen-Kapteijns & Elshout-Mohr, 1981), the present study focuses on semantic difficulties in texts. McDaniel et al showed that if text difficulty provoked a reader to relate concepts, it enhanced text comprehension, even for less-skilled readers (McDaniel, Einstein, Dunay, & Cobb, 1986), or even after processing time was partialed out (McDaniel et al).…”