The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra

Abstract

This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library “MaStar”). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).

Fast Outflows in Hot Dust-obscured Galaxies Detected with Keck/NIRES

“…Redshifts were determined by cross-correlating the full spectra with a template based on an SDSS emission line list (Ahumada et al 2020) and are listed in Table 1. The detection of multiple strong lines enables robust constraints for all targets except W0010+3236, W1905+5802, W1838+3429, and W2016−0041, with typical errors of∼10 −3 in z.…”

Cosmological constraints from CODEX galaxy clusters spectroscopically confirmed by SDSS-IV/SPIDERS DR16

“…The SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources observational program (SPIDERS Clerc et al 2016) within SDSS-IV/eBOSS (Dawson et al 2016;Blanton et al 2017) aims to follow up X-ray detected clusters using the BOSS spectrographs (Smee et al 2013) on the 2.5m SDSS telescope (Gunn et al 2006). The SPIDERS cluster catalogue published as part of the sixteenth data release of the SDSS (DR16; Ahumada et al 2020) consists of a set of spectroscopically validated galaxy clusters drawn from two X-ray galaxy cluster catalogues:…”

Post-Newtonian limit of generalized scalar-torsion theories of gravity

“…During the last century the general theory of relativity, which conventionally attributes the gravitational interaction to the curvature of spacetime, encoded in the presence of the Ricci scalar R in the action, has passed most of the tests given by solar system and astrophysical observations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Several observations in cosmology and the dynamics of large scale structures, however, are unexplained within general relativity itself, unless it is supplemented with additional, "dark" components [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. These open questions, as well as the quest for a quantum theory of gravity, have motivated the construction and investigation of several modifications and alternatives to general relativity [20][21][22].…”