Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths

Cortés, Alba; Muñoz-Antolí, Carla; Esteban, J. Guillermo; Toledo, Rafael

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004

Cited by 80 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Generally, the immune response to helminth is triggered by damage to the epithelial cells with secretion of alarmins (TSLP, IL‐33 and IL‐25) and activation of antigen‐presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2) and macrophages. This drives an overall activation and amplification of Th2 cell differentiation, subsequent class switching of B cells (IgA, IgE and IgG) and a promotion of the migration of Th2 cells back to the site of infection . Thus, the activation and the modulation of the human immune response are strictly dependent on the functions of APCs engaged by the helminth pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This drives an overall activation and amplification of Th2 cell differentiation, subsequent class switching of B cells (IgA, IgE and IgG) and a promotion of the migration of Th2 cells back to the site of infection. 16,17 Thus, the activation and the modulation of the human immune response are strictly dependent on the functions of APCs engaged by the helminth pathogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells

Napoletano

Mattiucci

Colantoni

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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Human dendritic cells (DCs) show remarkable phenotypic changes when matured in the presence of helminth-derived products. These modifications frequently elicited a polarization towards Th2 cells and regulatory T cells thus contributing to immunological tolerance against these pathogens. In this study, the interaction between DCs and larvae of the zoonotic anisakid nematode Anisakis pegreffii was investigated. A. pegreffii larvae were collected from fish hosts, and monocyte-derived DCs were cocultured in the presence of the live larvae (L) or its crude extracts (CE). In both experimental conditions, A. pegreffii impacted DC viability, hampered DC maturation by reducing the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation and migration (ie HLA-DR, CD86, CD83 and CCR7), increased the phagosomal radical oxygen species (ROS) levels and modulated the phosphorylation of ERK1,2 pathway. These biological changes were accompanied by the impairment of DCs to activate a T-cell-mediated IFNγ. Interestingly, live larvae appeared to differently modulate DC secretion of cytokines and chemokines as compared to CE. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the immunomodulatory role of A. pegreffii on DCs biology and functions. In addition, they suggest a dynamic contribution of DCs to the induction and maintenance of the inflammatory response against A. pegreffii.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells

Napoletano

Mattiucci

Colantoni

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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“…Fasciola ESP-induced M2 cells exhibit common immunobiological features [5,6]. Previous studies have examined Fasciola ESP-induced M2 macrophage polarization in mice and human [18,19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The helminth can survive within its hosts due to its ability to manipulate host immunity, in particular the suppression of Th1 immune responses which is correlated with immune protection in the host. Helminth infection induces a polarized Th2 response characterized by an increase of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but a decrease in IFNγ [5]. Like other helminths, F. hepatica infection and its excretory/secretory products (ESP) inhibit the development of M1 which facilitates the switch to the M2 phenotype, and modulates the host immune response by inducing potent polarized M2 (Th2) and by downregulating the production of M1 (Th1) macrophages [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Noncoding RNA Profiling from Fasciola Gigantica Excretory/Secretory Product-Induced M2 to M1 Macrophage Polarization

Luo

Zhang

Sheng

et al. 2018

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well known regulators of gene expression that play essential roles in macrophage activation and polarization. However, the role of lncRNA in Fasciola gigantica excretory/secretory products (ESP)-induced M2 polarization into M1 macrophages is unclear. Herein, we performed lncRNA profiling of lncRNAs and mRNAs during the ESP-induced macrophage polarization process. Methods: F. gigantica ESP was used to induce peritoneal cavity M2 macrophages in BALB/c mice (5-6 weeks old) in vivo, and these cells were subsequently isolated and stimulated with IFN-γ + LPS to induce M1 cells in vitro. LncRNA and mRNA profiling was performed via microarray at the end of both polarization stages. Results: In total, 2,844 lncRNAs (1,579 upregulated and 1,265 downregulated) and 1,782 mRNAs (789 upregulated and 993 downregulated) were differentially expressed in M2 macrophages compared to M1 macrophages, and six lncRNAs were identified during polarization. We selected 34 differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs to validate the results of microarray analysis using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses demonstrated that these altered transcripts were involved in multiple biological processes, particularly peptidase activity and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, coding and non-coding gene (CNC) and mRNA-related ceRNA network analyses were conducted to predict lncRNA expression trends and the potential target genes of these lncRNAs and mRNAs. Moreover, we determined that four lncRNAs and four mRNAs might participate in F. gigantica ESP-induced M2 polarization into M1 macrophages. Conclusions: This study illustrates the basic profiling of lncRNAs and mRNAs during F. gigantica ESP-induced M2 polarization into M1 macrophages and deepens our understanding of the mechanism underlying this process.

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“…Resistance to intestinal helminths is based on the generation of Th2 responses in a complex process that involves the interaction between innate and adaptative mechanisms [5][6][7]. Protective Th2 immunity against intestinal helminths is initiated and amplified by the epithelial-derived alarmin cytokines including IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), though the immune mechanisms behind the development of these responses are poorly understood [6,8]. In recent years, IL-25, a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines also called IL-17E, has been considered a key cytokine.…”

Section: Author's Summary Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses

Álvarez-Izquierdo

Pérez-Crespo

Esteban

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Interleukin-25 (IL-25) plays a major role in resistance against intestinal helminth infections as initiator of protective Th2 responses. However, recent studies have challenged the contribution of this cytokine in both the polarization of the response towards a Th2 phenotype and the parasite rejection. We have used the experimental model Echinostoma caproni-ICR mice to investigate the participation of this cytokine in resistance to intestinal helminths. ICR mice are characterized by their inability to respond with IL-25 production in primary infections with E. caproni, causing susceptibility associated with a Th1 response. However, mice are refractory to infection in presence of IL-25 in relation to a type 2 phenotype. Herein, we show that dynamics of resident microbiota appears to be crucial in IL-25 production. Moreover, IL-25 seems to play a pivotal role in the polarization to Th2 in primary responses, but also appears to participate in the generation of memory mechanisms making unnecessary the participation of IL-25 in memory responses for the development of Th2 milieu. However, resistance to E. caproni infection does not depend on the generation of a Th2 phenotype, but exclusively depends on the presence of IL-25, operating autonomously from the type 2 response in the generation of resistance.

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Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths

Cited by 80 publications

References 107 publications

Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells

Anisakis pegreffii impacts differentiation and function of human dendritic cells

Long Noncoding RNA Profiling from Fasciola Gigantica Excretory/Secretory Product-Induced M2 to M1 Macrophage Polarization

Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses

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