TFODn‐FOPI multi‐stage controller design to maintain an islanded microgrid load‐frequency balance considering responsive loads support

Abstract

Modern electrical power system design will increase renewable energy sources (RES) dominance. Rotating masses, the main source of inertia in power systems, have been greatly decreased in renewable energy producing systems. Thus, load–frequency equilibrium is an important indicator of these systems' performance and safety. This work introduces a fractional‐order (FO) operator‐based cascade control structure for islanded microgrid (μG) load‐frequency control (LFC). The structure utilizes a tilt–FO derivative with filter (TFODn) in the first level to reduce noise. The second level implements the proportional integral (PI) controller's FO form (FOPI), making it a tilt–FO derivative with a filter cascaded to the FOPI controller (TOFDn‐FOPI). The optimal controller parameters for quick dynamic responses with low frequency fluctuation are determined using a unique cost function and prairie dog optimization (PDO) algorithm. The LFC control loops have frequency deviation‐based responsive loads (RL). Control signal delays, RES output changes, parameter uncertainties, and cyber vandalism are examined. Laboratory‐scale tests also assessed the controller's practicality. The proposed controller outperforms standard and FO type proportional integral derivative (PID) and PD‐PI controllers. The TFODn‐FOPI controller is suitable for complicated closed‐loop systems like islanded μGs due to its faster error clearing, reduced RL capacity, and superior time and frequency domain indicators.

A New Fractional-Order Virtual Inertia Support Based on Battery Energy Storage for Enhancing Microgrid Frequency Stability

“…A. Validate the proposed developed VIC model's superiority compared with the conventional known VIC model, which is presented in many studies, e.g., [2,8,9,12,14,16].…”

“…The frequency stability of a two-area power system is improved using a new cascaded controller optimized using artificial rabbit optimizers [11]. The authors of [12] enhanced islanded MG frequency stability using a prairie dog optimization-based cascaded controller. Reference [13] used a new cascaded controller optimized by Barnacle Mating Optimizer for improving the frequency stability of two-area interconnected MGs.…”