Testosterone, Cortisol, and Mood in a Sports Team Competition

González-Bono, Esperanza; Salvador, Alicia; Rosa, Miguel Ángel Serrano; Ricarte, Jorge Javier

doi:10.1006/hbeh.1998.1496

Cited by 185 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Although we cannot rule out that we might have obtained such an effect with a more precise assay (but see Gonzalez-Bono et al, 1999, andMazur et al, 1997, for similar null findings with highly precise assays), we believe that this finding reinforces Schultheiss et al's (1999) conclusion that situational factors by themselves are often insufficient to predict testosterone changes and that their interplay with motivational dispositions is more important.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Schultheiss

Rohde

2002

Hormones and Behavior

144

106

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This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to victory or defeat in a contest situation. It also explored to what extent postvictory testosterone increases are associated with enhanced implicit learning of behavior instrumental for winning a contest. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed in 66 male adults several times before and after a contest whose outcome (winning or losing against a competitor on an implicit learning task) was varied experimentally. Among participants low in activity inhibition, a measure of impulse control, the power motive was a significant positive predictor of testosterone increases (15 min postcontest; r ‫؍‬ 0.71, P ‫؍‬ 0.01) and implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ 0.68, P < 0.05) after a victory, whereas it was a significant negative predictor of implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.58, P ‫؍‬ 0.01) but not of testosterone increases (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.08, ns) after a defeat. Moreover, among participants low in activity inhibition testosterone increases were associated with enhanced implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ 0.38, P < 0.05) and there was statistical evidence that in winners testosterone increases mediated the effect of power motivation on implicit learning. Participants high in activity inhibition did not display this pattern of results. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) Key Words: testosterone; implicit power motive; motivation; activity inhibition; dominance contest; implicit learning.The steroid hormone testosterone has been implicated in social dominance and aggressive behavior in a wide variety of species, including humans (Bernstein, Gordon, and Rose, 1983;Mazur and Booth, 1998;Monaghan and Glickman, 1992). Specifically, many studies document rising testosterone levels in response to a dominance success but unchanged or even declining testosterone levels after a defeat (Bernstein et al., 1983;Mazur and Booth, 1998). Mazur (1985) has speculated that postvictory testosterone surges, which can be observed within minutes and up to some hours after a dominance success, may serve to reinforce behavior that was instrumental for achieving the victory. This hypothesis has gained plausibility by recent findings that document rewarding (e.g., Packard, Schroeder, and Alexander, 1998) and mood-enhancing (e.g., Rabkin, Wagner, and Rabkin, 1996) effects of testosterone administration.In humans, empirical support for a direct effect of winning and losing a competition on testosterone is equivocal. While some researchers report higher postcontest testosterone levels in winners than in losers (e.g., Gladue, Boechler, and McCaul, 1989;Mazur and Lamb, 1980;McCaul, Gladue, and Joppa, 1992), others have failed to obtain such a difference (e.g., GonzalezBono, Salvador, Serrano, and Ricarte, 1999;Mazur, Susman, and Edelbrock, 1997;Schultheiss, Campbell, and McClelland, 1999;Suay et al., 1999), thus raising doubts about the efficacy of situational outcomes to affect testosterone levels directly and reliably. Schultheiss et al. (1999) have therefore recently argued that motiva...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Schultheiss

Rohde

2002

Hormones and Behavior

144

106

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“…However, such findings were not consistently replicated in subsequent research. Although winning seems to elicit an increase in testosterone (Carré & Putnam, 2010;Fry, Schilling, Fleck, & Kraemer, 2011;Oliveira, Gouveia, & Oliveira, 2009), losing can also elicit increases in testosterone (van der Meij, Buunk, Almela, & Salvador, 2010) and cortisol (Bateup, Booth, Shirtcliff, & Granger, 2002), and a number of studies have shown no change in testosterone or cortisol levels following either victory or defeat (González-Bono, Salvador, Serrano, & Ricarte, 1999;Passelergue & Lac, 1999). Taken as a whole, results have not supported a clear pattern between competition outcome and hormonal responses of athletes.…”

Section: Physiological Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 98%

A theoretical framework and research agenda for studying team attributions in sport

Allen

Coffee

Greenlees

2012

International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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The attributions made for group outcomes have attracted a great deal of interest in recent years. In this article we bring together much of the current research on attribution theory in sport and outline a new conceptual framework and research agenda for investigating the attributions of team members. The proposed framework draws on multiple conceptual approaches including models of attribution, group dynamics and stress responses to provide a detailed hypothetical description of athletes' physiological, cognitive and affective responses to group competition. In describing this model we outline important antecedents of team attributions before hypothesising how attributions can impact hormonal and cardiovascular responses of athletes, together with cognitive (goals, choices, expectations), affective (selfesteem, emotions), and behavioural (approach-avoidance actions) responses of groups and group members. We conclude by outlining important methodological considerations and implications for structured context specific attribution-based interventions.

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“…Importantly, the disposition to form coalitions is primarily expressed under conditions of social threat (Geary 2010;Savin-Williams 1979), and the threat of an out-group represents a source of social stress in males that would be expected to trigger hormonal activity as part of a coordinated stress system response. Victories against outside members of a group, for example, are associated with elevations in testosterone in human (Bernhardt et al 1998;Gonzalez-Bono et al 1999;Kivlighan et al 2005;Oxford et al 2010;Wagner et al 2002) and animal studies Gleason et al 2009). Further, higher levels of pre-competition testosterone and cortisol are associated with reduced strength of coalitionary ties (Flinn, Ponzi, and Muehlenbein 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Salivary Cortisol Responses to Sex-Linked Stressors: A Test of the Tend-and-Befriend Model

Byrd‐Craven

Auer

Kennison

2014

Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology

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This study examined sex differences in salivary cortisol responses to experimental stressors and subsequent desire to affiliate in the context of mortality cues following the Tend-and-Befriend model. Participants were randomly assigned to a mortality salience prime or a control condition. They were then assigned to view a video of crying infants or a video designed to elicit out-group threat. As predicted, females showed more cortisol reactivity to the video of crying infants and males showed more cortisol reactivity to the video of hate speech in the no prime condition. Males receiving a mortality salience prime, surprisingly, showed a weaker cortisol response to the out-group threat video compared to males who received no prime. Results provide further support of using the Tend-and-Befriend model to predict differences in stress response system activity between men and women, as well as modifications to that theory that incorporate male responses to out-group threats.

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Testosterone, Cortisol, and Mood in a Sports Team Competition

Cited by 185 publications

References 12 publications

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

A theoretical framework and research agenda for studying team attributions in sport

Sex Differences in Salivary Cortisol Responses to Sex-Linked Stressors: A Test of the Tend-and-Befriend Model

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