Testing Theories of Post-Error Slowing

Dutilh, Gilles; Vandekerckhove, Joachim; Forstmann, Birte U.; Keuleers, Emmanuel; Brysbaert, Marc; Wagenmakers, Eric‐Jan

doi:10.1037/e520602012-241

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…Second, neither study found an effect of depression on decision threshold. Consequently, the results do not simply reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off in depressed participants, because such a trade-off should yield a threshold difference (Dutilh et al, 2012). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A computational analysis of flanker interference in depression

et al. 2015

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Background Depression is characterized by poor executive function, but—counterintuitively—it is associated with highly accurate performance on certain cognitively demanding tasks. The psychological mechanisms responsible for this paradoxical finding are unclear. To address this issue, we applied a drift diffusion model (DDM) to flanker task data from depressed and healthy adults participating in the multi-site Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response for Clinical Care for Depression (EMBARC) study. Methods One hundred unmedicated, depressed adults and forty healthy controls completed a flanker task. We investigated the effect of flanker interference on accuracy and response time, and used the DDM to examine group differences in three cognitive processes: prepotent response bias (tendency to respond to the distracting flankers), response inhibition (necessary to resist prepotency), and executive control (required for execution of correct response on incongruent trials). Results Consistent with prior reports, depressed participants responded more slowly and accurately than controls on incongruent trials. The DDM indicated that although executive control was sluggish in depressed participants, this was more than offset by decreased prepotent response bias. Among the depressed participants, anhedonia was negatively correlated with a parameter indexing the speed of executive control (r = -0.28, p = 0.007). Conclusions Executive control was delayed in depression but this was counterbalanced by reduced prepotent response bias, demonstrating how participants with executive function deficits can nevertheless perform accurately in a cognitive control task. Drawing on data from neural network simulations, we speculate that these results may reflect tonically reduced striatal dopamine in depression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A computational analysis of flanker interference in depression

et al. 2015

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“…To further investigate and provide converging evidence for this strategic shift across the lifespan, we calculated the degree to which individuals slowed down responses following an incorrect response. This phenomenon, referred to as post-error slowing, is thought to reflect error monitoring (Dutilh, et al, 2012). To better isolate post-error slowing, across the group we regressed out the mean reaction time for correct trials immediately preceding an error trial from the mean reaction times for correct trials immediately following an error trial.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustained Attention Across the Life Span in a Sample of 10,000

et al. 2015

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Normal and abnormal differences in sustained visual attention have long been of interest to scientists, educators, and clinicians. Still lacking, however, is a clear understanding of how sustained visual attention varies across the broad sweep of the human lifespan. Here, we fill this gap in two ways. First, powered by an unprecedentedly large, 10,430-person sample, we model age-related differences with substantially greater precision than prior efforts. Second, using the recently developed gradual-onset continuous performance test (gradCPT), we parse sustained attention performance over the lifespan into its ability and strategy components. We find that after age 15, the strategy and ability trajectories saliently diverge. Strategy becomes monotonically more conservative with age, whereas ability peaks in the early forties and is followed by a gradual decline in older adults. These observed lifespan trajectories for sustained attention are distinct from results of other lifespan studies focusing on fluid and crystallized intelligence.

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“…Similarly, there is a general tendency for individuals to slow their reaction time (RT) on trials following an error, consistent with behavioral adjustment (Rabbitt, 1966). It has been proposed that this post-error slowing (PES) reflects an increase in response caution following an error (Botvinick et al, 2001; Dutilh et al, 2012). …”

Section: Error Monitoring and Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response monitoring and adjustment: Differential relations with psychopathic traits.

Bresin

Finy

Sprague

et al. 2014

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Studies on the relation between psychopathy and cognitive functioning often show mixed results, partially because different factors of psychopathy have not been considered fully. Based on previous research, we predicted divergent results based on a two-factor model of psychopathy (interpersonal-affective traits and impulsive-antisocial traits). Specifically, we predicted that the unique variance of interpersonal-affective traits would be related to increased monitoring (i.e., error-related negativity) and adjusting to errors (i.e., post-error slowing), whereas impulsive-antisocial traits would be related to reductions in these processes. Three studies using a diverse selection of assessment tools, samples, and methods are presented to identify response monitoring correlates of the two main factors of psychopathy. In Studies 1 (undergraduates), 2 (adolescents), and 3 (offenders), interpersonal-affective traits were related to increased adjustment following errors and, in Study 3, to enhanced monitoring of errors. Impulsive-antisocial traits were not consistently related to error adjustment across the studies, although these traits were related to a deficient monitoring of errors in Study 3. The results may help explain previous mixed findings and advance implications for etiological models of psychopathy.

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Testing Theories of Post-Error Slowing

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

A computational analysis of flanker interference in depression

A computational analysis of flanker interference in depression

Sustained Attention Across the Life Span in a Sample of 10,000

Response monitoring and adjustment: Differential relations with psychopathic traits.

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