Abstract:In 1963, Celentano, Amorelli, and Freeman of North American Aviation described a set of curves as an Index of Habitability that can predict the amount of pressurized volume necessary per crewmember to conduct a mission at "tolerable, performance, or optimal" levels. This paper presents an analysis of the "Celentano Curve" that depicts a relationship between spacecraft pressurized volume and the duration of a space mission. Since Yuri Gagarin flew in Vostok 1 in 1961, the US, Russia, and China have launched mor… Show more
“…These estimations are based on the values presented by [NASA STD 3000, NASA HIDH 2014, Larson 1991. These compare favorably with the Celentano curve [Cohen 2008] and the current NASA Orion capsule and the SpaceX Crew Dragon V2 being readied for service to ISS.…”
Section: B Cislunar Orbital Vehicle (Cov)mentioning
The MOBIUS concept architecture presents an evolutionary methodology for lunar tourist missions. In the MOBIUS scenario, a quartet of spacecraft is suggested in a specific supersynchronous Earth orbit as a nominal trajectory for a cislunar, cycling vehicle system. Earth and lunar shuttlecraft service the cycler at Earth perigee and lunar proximal apogee of the selected supersynchronous orbit. ISS is suggested as the departure platform to lunar orbit, and eventually lunar lander shuttles will be used to service paying passengers to the lunar surface on a routine basis. A gradual and steady increment in complexity of mission vehicles and operations is proposed, allowing for evolutionary growth and a self-sustaining economic model. We believe that this strategy is optimal and has an enormous commercial potential for future space and lunar tourism. In particular, attention is paid to the viability of employing the International Space Station commercially beyond the currently proposed retirement date, extending the useful life of the $100B facility. The MOBIUS concept is modeled using state-of-the-art tools and proposes a viable profile that attempts to balance available technologies with entrepreneurial needs and capital to make commercial, selfsustaining lunar missions possible, maximizing existing assets and technologies as well as currently operating infrastructures, all in the earliest timeframe. MOBIUS architecture is promoted as an example of how government and private sector can partner to create a vibrant space activity in the 21st century that caters to the cultural needs of humanity as well as inspiring the new generation of explorers.
“…These estimations are based on the values presented by [NASA STD 3000, NASA HIDH 2014, Larson 1991. These compare favorably with the Celentano curve [Cohen 2008] and the current NASA Orion capsule and the SpaceX Crew Dragon V2 being readied for service to ISS.…”
Section: B Cislunar Orbital Vehicle (Cov)mentioning
The MOBIUS concept architecture presents an evolutionary methodology for lunar tourist missions. In the MOBIUS scenario, a quartet of spacecraft is suggested in a specific supersynchronous Earth orbit as a nominal trajectory for a cislunar, cycling vehicle system. Earth and lunar shuttlecraft service the cycler at Earth perigee and lunar proximal apogee of the selected supersynchronous orbit. ISS is suggested as the departure platform to lunar orbit, and eventually lunar lander shuttles will be used to service paying passengers to the lunar surface on a routine basis. A gradual and steady increment in complexity of mission vehicles and operations is proposed, allowing for evolutionary growth and a self-sustaining economic model. We believe that this strategy is optimal and has an enormous commercial potential for future space and lunar tourism. In particular, attention is paid to the viability of employing the International Space Station commercially beyond the currently proposed retirement date, extending the useful life of the $100B facility. The MOBIUS concept is modeled using state-of-the-art tools and proposes a viable profile that attempts to balance available technologies with entrepreneurial needs and capital to make commercial, selfsustaining lunar missions possible, maximizing existing assets and technologies as well as currently operating infrastructures, all in the earliest timeframe. MOBIUS architecture is promoted as an example of how government and private sector can partner to create a vibrant space activity in the 21st century that caters to the cultural needs of humanity as well as inspiring the new generation of explorers.
“…Whitmire and colleagues (2015) proposed minimum net habitable volume for long-duration (912-day) expeditions as 883 ft 3 (269 m 3 ) per person (also see Cohen, 2008), which translates to approximately 100 ft 2 (30 m 2 ) per person (with 8–9 ft [2.4–2.7 m] ceilings). The HERA habitat is 60% larger at 159 ft 2 (348 m 2 ) per person for much shorter 45-day missions, with the private hotel rooms triple the recommendations at 300 ft 2 (91 m 2 ) per person for a 14-day stay.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Fraser, 1966) but for minimal, functional, and optimal habitat size and design features (cf. Celentano & Amorelli, 1963; Cohen, 2008). Figure 1.“Hedonomics” pyramid (from Hancock et al, 2005; Oron-Gilad & Hancock, 2017).…”
Objective Describe the development and validation of the Subjective Habitability & Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ). Background Habitat area size, layout, and design may impact individual and team behavioral health and performance (BHP) outcomes in operational environments. However, there are no standardized measures of these relationships. Method SHAQ is a modular survey consisting of two 6-item scales: BHP Outcomes ( Performance of Individual Activities, Performance of Group Activities, Mood, Psychological Stress, Sleep, and Social Interactions) and Habitability Moderators ( Privacy, Social Density, Efficiency, Control, Comfort, and Convenience). We collected SHAQ data from NASA’s Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) crews ( n = 19) in reference to multiple habitat areas (Sleep/Bedroom, Hygiene/Bathroom, Work/Office/Workshop, and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley) in the HERA operational environment, private hotel rooms, and individual home habitats. Results SHAQ has high construct validity (single factor solutions, mean item factor loading = 0.760, mean % variance = 60.37), internal consistency and reliability (item mean α = 0.880, mean ω=0.894, mean ICC = 0.430), concurrent validity (mean item r with System Usability Scale = 0.42), and discriminant validity (e.g., significantly higher facilitation of group activities in HERA Work/Office/Workshop and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley areas vs. Hygiene/Bathroom and Sleep/Bedroom areas; significantly higher ratings of privacy, comfort, and convenience in hotel vs. HERA). Conclusion SHAQ is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of BHP impacts of habitat size and layout. Application SHAQ can be used to inform evidence-based recommendations and thresholds for habitat area size, layout, and design options to support individual and team BHP in operational environments.
“…Phase A-Historical data on spacecraft design impacts to crew performance is often in the form of anecdotal reports and are limited to a unique and limited set of users. To-date there have been about eleven different space vehicles ever flown with humans aboard [13] and close to 500 people who have been in space [14]. The data gathered from these missions while useful are limited and particular to a unique user population of highly skilled, educated, trained, and healthy individuals.…”
Section: Project Phase B: Preliminary Design and Technologymentioning
Space is an unforgiving environment where the actions of the crew play a critical role in their health and safety. Given the limited number of crewmembers typically onboard a spacecraft and the multitude of complex systems they must operate, the performance of each individual is of paramount importance. Spacecraft habitat layout and operations are two main drivers affecting crew performance efficiency. Having the capability to analyze and compare crew performance across various spacecraft configurations can help identify improvements early in the conceptual design process where changes are less costly to implement, ultimately reducing overall project costs and improving long-term operations of the system. Currently, there are few comprehensive methods readily available for evaluating crew integration within a spacecraft in the conceptual design phase. In order to address this shortcoming, the goal of this work was to analyze various specialized evaluation methods found in analogous industries that have potential application to human spacecraft design. A survey of more than 400 human performance evaluation methods was completed. Over twenty different attributes were identified for each method and a variety of analyses were conducted to characterize and evaluate their potential use for assessing human spacecraft design options. The analysis revealed a particular deficiency of quantitative evaluation methods that are applicable early in the systems engineering design phase. It also identified five existing methods that could be supplemented to achieve the needs of an early design evaluation method. Additional discussion describes potential issues that must be overcome when developing a method specific for use in human spacecraft evaluations.
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