Test of "The Abstract Attitude" in Chimpanzees Following Ablation of Prefrontal Cortex

Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control

“…Changes in emotional behavior have long been recognized as common consequences of frontal lobe lesion (24, 90). Early reports concerning the effects of prefrontal ablation on learned behavior refer to changes in the affective disposition of the experimental animals (30, 67, 89). Others refer to abnormal voracity and aggressiveness (101, 165, 200).…”

Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control

“…Changes in emotional behavior have long been recognized as common consequences of frontal lobe lesion (24, 90). Early reports concerning the effects of prefrontal ablation on learned behavior refer to changes in the affective disposition of the experimental animals (30, 67, 89). Others refer to abnormal voracity and aggressiveness (101, 165, 200).…”

Emotional behavior in feral cats with ablations of prefrontal cortex and subsequent lesions in amygdala.

“…Their description of the increased resistance to frustration in 1 of 2 chimpanzees with prefrontal lesions triggered the surgical approach to treatment of psychoses in humans (Freeman & Watts, 1942;Moniz, 1936). Later studies, however, indicated that lesions in the frontal lobes sometimes increase emotional responsiveness in chimpanzees (Evarts & Nissen, 1953) as well as in humans (Hetherington, Haden, & Craig, 1972). Surprisingly, the number of animal studies in this area is small.…”

A Discussion of the Relevance of Effects of Drugs on Animal Behavior to the Possible Effects of Drugs on Psychopathological Processes in Man.

“…Animal tests involving such analysis of stimuli may be carried out in a number of ways: a. Animals may be taught to discriminate between stimuli varying in a number of dimensions, e.g., large black square versus small white triangle, and then tested for the ability to discriminate between stimuli which differ in only one of these dimensions (17). Subjects may also be tested as to the ease with which they can shift from one to another category as the basis of discrimination.…”

Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control

“…Changes in emotional behavior have long been recognized as common consequences of frontal lobe lesion (24, 90). Early reports concerning the effects of prefrontal ablation on learned behavior refer to changes in the affective disposition of the experimental animals (30, 67, 89). Others refer to abnormal voracity and aggressiveness (101, 165, 200).…”

Emotional behavior in feral cats with ablations of prefrontal cortex and subsequent lesions in amygdala.

“…Their description of the increased resistance to frustration in 1 of 2 chimpanzees with prefrontal lesions triggered the surgical approach to treatment of psychoses in humans (Freeman & Watts, 1942;Moniz, 1936). Later studies, however, indicated that lesions in the frontal lobes sometimes increase emotional responsiveness in chimpanzees (Evarts & Nissen, 1953) as well as in humans (Hetherington, Haden, & Craig, 1972). Surprisingly, the number of animal studies in this area is small.…”

A Discussion of the Relevance of Effects of Drugs on Animal Behavior to the Possible Effects of Drugs on Psychopathological Processes in Man.

“…Animal tests involving such analysis of stimuli may be carried out in a number of ways: a. Animals may be taught to discriminate between stimuli varying in a number of dimensions, e.g., large black square versus small white triangle, and then tested for the ability to discriminate between stimuli which differ in only one of these dimensions (17). Subjects may also be tested as to the ease with which they can shift from one to another category as the basis of discrimination.…”

Prefrontal Cortex in Motor Control

“…Changes in emotional behavior have long been recognized as common consequences of frontal lobe lesion (24, 90). Early reports concerning the effects of prefrontal ablation on learned behavior refer to changes in the affective disposition of the experimental animals (30, 67, 89). Others refer to abnormal voracity and aggressiveness (101, 165, 200).…”

Emotional behavior in feral cats with ablations of prefrontal cortex and subsequent lesions in amygdala.

“…Their description of the increased resistance to frustration in 1 of 2 chimpanzees with prefrontal lesions triggered the surgical approach to treatment of psychoses in humans (Freeman & Watts, 1942;Moniz, 1936). Later studies, however, indicated that lesions in the frontal lobes sometimes increase emotional responsiveness in chimpanzees (Evarts & Nissen, 1953) as well as in humans (Hetherington, Haden, & Craig, 1972). Surprisingly, the number of animal studies in this area is small.…”

A Discussion of the Relevance of Effects of Drugs on Animal Behavior to the Possible Effects of Drugs on Psychopathological Processes in Man.

“…Animal tests involving such analysis of stimuli may be carried out in a number of ways: a. Animals may be taught to discriminate between stimuli varying in a number of dimensions, e.g., large black square versus small white triangle, and then tested for the ability to discriminate between stimuli which differ in only one of these dimensions (17). Subjects may also be tested as to the ease with which they can shift from one to another category as the basis of discrimination.…”