Terminology and classification of stomata and stomatal development-a critical survey

Rasmussen, Henrik

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb0093.x

Cited by 60 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Superficially similar mature stomatal types can arise by different developmental pathways and thus may not be homologous (Rasmussen 1981). The importance of examining stomate ontogeny in determining homologies has been strongly emphasized by Baranova (1987) and clearly outlined by Abu-Asab and Cantino (1987) in their fine study of the phylogenetic implications ofleafanatomy in the subtribe Melittidinae ofthe Labiatae.…”

Section: Comments On the Application Of Anatomical Characters To Cladmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steps Toward the Natural System of the Dicotyledons

Dickison¹

1989

aliso

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ABSTRACfThe value of vegetative anatomy in phylogenetic analysis is documented. Examples of the use of vegetative anatomy at different taxonomic levels show the continuing role of the anatomical method in building a more natural system of classification of the dicotyledons. The importance of correlating wood and leaf anatomical features with ecological and floristic preferences of taxa is emphasized. Caution is required in basing phylogenetic interpretations upon similarities and differences in xylem structure. The transition from scalariform to simple perforation plates is the only aspect of vessel element evolution that is not potentially reversible and all phylogenetic analyses must reflect this important principle. Some groups outside the Magnoliidae (Annoniflorae) possess very primitive xylems and can be used as evidence to support a pattern of multiple early radiations of the dicotyledons, as well as the increased awareness of a lack of clear subclass definition. The application of anatomical characters in cladistic analysis is reviewed, and the need to utilize strictly homologous features, to provide accurate scoring of character states, and to give proper interpretations to character state transformations is emphasized.

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Section: Comments On the Application Of Anatomical Characters To Cladmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steps Toward the Natural System of the Dicotyledons

Dickison¹

1989

aliso

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“…Among those, only the cells type 1 3 are undoubtedly distinct from the other epidermal cells and are found in all regular stomata observed; the cells type 2 and 2 1 reflect the cellular organization pattern of the epidermis, and therefore are not subsidiary. Tomlinson (1974), Esau (1977), Rasmussen (1981) and Baranova (1987) state that a cell should be considered a subsidiary cell when it is obviously distinct from other epidermal cells. Various studies show that the increase in number of subsidiary cells can be due to their own divisions plus the integration of modified epidermal cells that simulate subsidiary cells (Sen 1958, Pant & Kidwai 1964, Pant & Banerji 1965, Pant & Gupta 1966, Inamdar 1968, Paliwal 1967, Shah 1967, Shah & Gopal 1969.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Guard cells are specialized structures, different from the other epidermal cells (Tomlinson 1974, Esau 1977, Rasmussen 1981, Baranova 1987. The number and arrangement of subsidiary cells has long been used as characters in systematics (Stebbins & Khush 1961, Esau 1977, Baranova 1987.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogenesis of stomata in Velloziaceae: paracytic versus tetracytic?

Amaral

Mello‐Silva

2008

Rev. bras. Bot.

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-(Ontogenesis of stomata in Velloziaceae: paracytic versus tetracytic?). In Velloziaceae, the number of subsidiary cells has been used to characterize species and support groups. Nevertheless, the homology of the stomatal types have not been scrutinized. Stomatal ontogenesis of Vellozia epidendroides and V. plicata, assigned to have tetracytic stomata, and of V. glauca and Barbacenia riparia, assigned to have paracytic stomata, were investigated. In the four species studied, stomata followed perigenic development. Subsidiary cells arise from oblique divisions of neighbouring cells of the guard mother cell (GMC). These cells are elongated and parallel to the longer axis of the stoma. Polar cells show wide variation, following the shape and size of the epidermal cells in the vicinity. Hence, these cells cannot be called subsidiary cells. This wide variation is due to a much higher density of stomata in some regions of the leaf blade. This distribution of stomata forces the development of short polar cells, leading to an apparently tetracytic stomata. In regions of low concentration of stomata, higher spatial availability between the GMCs allows the elongation of polar cells, leading to evident paracytic stomata. Therefore, the four studied species are considered braquiparacytic, questioning the classification of stomata into tetracytic and paracytic in Velloziaceae.Key words -ontogenesis, paracytic, stomata, tetracytic, Velloziaceae RESUMO -(A ontogênese dos estômatos em Velloziaceae: paracítico versus tetracítico?). Em Velloziaceae, o número de células subsidiárias tem sido utilizado para caracterizar espécies e sustentar grupos. Entretanto, a homologia dos tipos de estômatos nunca foi escrutinizada. Para isso, a ontogênese dos estômatos de Barbacenia riparia e Vellozia glauca, representando estômatos paracíticos, e V. epidendroides e V. plicata, representando estômatos tetracíticos, foi investigada. Nas quatro espécies, foi evidenciada ontogênese perígina. As células subsidiárias se originam a partir de divisões oblíquas das células vizinhas da célula-mãe de células-guarda (GMC), que são alongadas paralelamente em relação ao maior eixo do estômato. Células polares apresentam grande diversificação, acompanhando o padrão de tamanho e formato das outras células epidérmicas, e assim não podem ser denominadas células subsidiárias. Essa ampla variação se deve a uma maior densidade de estômatos em algumas regiões da superfície foliar, forçando o desenvolvimento de células polares curtas e conduzindo a estômatos aparentemente tetracíticos. Em regiões de baixa concentração de estômatos, a maior disponibilidade espacial entre GMCs permite o alongamento de células polares, conduzindo a estômatos evidentemente paracíticos. Os estômatos das quatro espécies são então classificados como braquiparacíticos. A classificação de estômatos em tetracítico e paracítico em Velloziaceae deve ser questionada.

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“…3A). The larger cell acts as a spacer between adjacent stomata, whereas the smaller cell, called a meristemoid (M), undergoes several asymmetric cell divisions to generate more meristemoids before becoming a guard mother cell (GMC) (Bünning 1953;Rasmussen 1981;Geisler et al 2000;Bergmann and Sack 2007). Finally, the GMCs divide symmetrically to produce two guard cells (GCs), which act as valves surrounding a pore (Fig.…”

Section: Asymmetric Cell Divisions In Stomatal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry Breaking in Plants: Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Asymmetric Cell Divisions in Arabidopsis

Petricka¹,

Norman²,

Benfey³

2009

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

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Asymmetric cell division generates cell types with different specialized functions or fates. This type of division is critical to the overall cellular organization and development of many multicellular organisms. In plants, regulated asymmetric cell divisions are of particular importance because cell migration does not occur. The influence of extrinsic cues on asymmetric cell division in plants is well documented. Recently, candidate intrinsic factors have been identified and links between intrinsic and extrinsic components are beginning to be elucidated. A novel mechanism in breaking symmetry was revealed that involves the movement of typically intrinsic factors between plant cells. As we learn more about the regulation of asymmetric cell divisions in plants, we can begin to reflect on the similarities and differences between the strategies used by plants and animals. Focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms, this article describes three selected cases of symmetry-breaking events in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. These examples occur in early embryogenesis, stomatal development, and ground tissue formation in the root.

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Terminology and classification of stomata and stomatal development-a critical survey

Cited by 60 publications

References 20 publications

Steps Toward the Natural System of the Dicotyledons

Steps Toward the Natural System of the Dicotyledons

Ontogenesis of stomata in Velloziaceae: paracytic versus tetracytic?

Symmetry Breaking in Plants: Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Asymmetric Cell Divisions in Arabidopsis

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