Temporal variations of atmospheric aerosol in four European urban areas

Lianou, Maria; Chalbot, Marie-Cécile G.; Kavouras, Ilias G.; Kotronarou, Anastasia; Karakatsani, Anna; Analytis, Antonis; Katsouyanni, Klea; Puustinen, Arto; Hämeri, Kaarle; Vallius, Marko; Pekkanen, Juha; Meddings, Claire; Harrison, Roy M.; Ayres, Jon G.; Brick, Harry ten; Kos, G.P.A.; Meliefste, Kees; Hartog, Jeroen de; Hoek, Gerard

doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0471-y

Cited by 34 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Exposure assessment has been described in previous publications [16-18,20]. In brief, during the entire study period (October 2002 to March 2004) in each city measurements of PM 2.5 , PM 10 and PNC were performed continuously at a central site representing urban background levels [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Associations of the health outcomes with gaseous air pollutants were also examined based on data collected from existing national monitoring networks in each country. The relationships between central site outdoor, residential outdoor and indoor concentrations, as well as the association between outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particles and lung function in the same participants but based on the intensive week measurements have been published before [16-20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a European multicentre panel study

et al. 2012

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BackgroundParticulate matter air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects. The fraction of ambient particles that are mainly responsible for the observed health effects is still a matter of controversy. Better characterization of the health relevant particle fraction will have major implications for air quality policy since it will determine which sources should be controlled.The RUPIOH study, an EU-funded multicentre study, was designed to examine the distribution of various ambient particle metrics in four European cities (Amsterdam, Athens, Birmingham, Helsinki) and assess their health effects in participants with asthma or COPD, based on a detailed exposure assessment. In this paper the association of central site measurements with respiratory symptoms and restriction of activities is examined.MethodsAt each centre a panel of participants with either asthma or COPD recorded respiratory symptoms and restriction of activities in a diary for six months. Exposure assessment included simultaneous measurements of coarse, fine and ultrafine particles at a central site. Data on gaseous pollutants were also collected. The associations of the 24-hour average concentrations of air pollution indices with the health outcomes were assessed in a hierarchical modelling approach. A city specific analysis controlling for potential confounders was followed by a meta-analysis to provide overall effect estimates.ResultsA 10 μg/m3 increase in previous day coarse particles concentrations was positively associated with most symptoms (an increase of 0.6 to 0.7% in average) and limitation in walking (OR= 1.076, 95% CI: 1.026-1.128). Same day, previous day and previous two days ozone concentrations were positively associated with cough (OR= 1.061, 95% CI: 1.013-1.111; OR= 1.049, 95% CI: 1.016-1.083 and OR= 1.059, 95% CI: 1.027-1.091, respectively). No consistent associations were observed between fine particle concentrations, nitrogen dioxide and respiratory health effects. As for particle number concentrations negative association (mostly non-significant at the nominal level) was observed with most symptoms whilst the positive association with limitation of activities did not reach the nominal level of significance.ConclusionsThe observed associations with coarse particles are in agreement with the findings of toxicological studies. Together they suggest it is prudent to regulate also coarse particles in addition to fine particles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a European multicentre panel study

et al. 2012

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“…Similar results were found for the PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratio at the Melpitz site in 2007 (EMEP 2009). Compared to other places these ratios are high and typical for a rural site with low influence of local emissions (Lianou et al 2011). …”

Section: Gravimetric Massmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Different meteorological conditions influence the physical and chemical size distribution in a complex manner (e.g. Vecchi et al 2007;Brüggemann et al 2009;Katzman et al 2010;Lianou et al 2011) by transport (wind direction, precipitation), dilution (mixing height and wind velocity), the distribution between gas and condensed phase (temperature and humidity) and chemical composition resulting from chemical conversions (including gas phase, multiphase and heterogeneous reactions) (e.g. Herrmann 2003;Peter et al 2010;Hamed et al 2010;Mikkonen et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-segregated characterization of PM10 at the EMEP site Melpitz (Germany) using a five-stage impactor: a six year study

et al. 2012

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Size-segregated particle samples were collected using a Berner 5-stage impactor (stages 1-5: 0.05-0.14-0.42-1.2-3.5-10 μm aerodynamic diameter). The means for all 169 days and for different categories of days were used for a characterization. The sorting criteria were (a) the distinction between winter (Wi, November to April) and summer (Su, May to October), (b) the distinction between air mass inflow from a sector West (W, 210°-320°) and from a sector East (E, 35°-140°). For the assignment of the air mass origin 96-h backward trajectories were used and four categories (WiW, WiE, SuW and SuE) with 48, 18, 42 and 29 days were established. The lowest mean particle mass concentrations were found for SuW and the highest for WiE with relative mass concentration distributions of 5.9, 28.2, 36.5, 18.0, and 11.4 % and 3.5, 22.7, 52.6, 16.7, and 4.5 % for stages 1-5, respectively. The mass closure for water soluble ions, water, organic material (OM) and elemental carbon (EC) accounts for 81-99 % of the gravimetric mass in Wi and for 60-81 % for Su, depending on the stage. The fractions of nitrate were relatively high for WiW while sulphate fractions are high for WiE. The estimated concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOA) on stage 3 for WiW, WiE, SuW and SuE were 0.32, 1.25, 0.27 and 0.58 μgm − ³, respectively. The highest amount of SOA is found for WiE, representing 59 % of organic carbon (OC). The highest difference in the percentages of SOA in OC was found between winter (WiW 55 %, WiE 59 %) and summer (SuW and SuE 74 %) indicating photochemical processes during long-range transport. The mean Carbon Preference Indices (CPI) are highest for SuE (stage 4: 7.57 and stage 5: 9.82) resulting mainly from plant wax abrasion in the surrounding forests. For WiE the mean PAH concentration on stage 3 (9.7 ngm −3 ) is about five times higher than for WiW, indicating long range transport following domestic heating and other combustion processes.

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“…Increased PN levels in the Athens and Milan metropolitan areas were also reported in the literature. Lianou et al (2011) Lonati et al (2011) conducted aerosol size distribution measurements for 22 days during the cold season at an urban background site in Milan and found median PN concentrations 1.87 × 10 4 for ultrafine particles and 4.89 × 10 3 for particles with mobility diameters between 100 nm and 1000 nm. Generally, following the work of Putaud et al (2010), who presented PN concentration levels in 29 European sites, the particle load in Oslo and Prague resembles the situation in near city background sites like Ispra (Italy) and Melpitz (Germany), while PN values in Milan and Athens are closer to those of traffic influenced urban sites like Belfast, Glasgow and Barcelona.…”

Section: An Overview Of Outdoor Particle Number Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Number Concentrations and Modal Structure of Indoor/Outdoor Fine Particles in Four European Cities

Lazaridis

Eleftheriadis

Zdimal

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Indoor/outdoor aerosol size distribution was measured in four European cities (Oslo-Norway, Prague-Czech Republic, Milan-Italy and Athens-Greece) during 2002 in order to examine the differences in the characteristics of the indoor/outdoor modal structure and to evaluate the effect of indoor sources to the aerosol size distributions. All the measurement sites were naturally ventilated and were occupied during the campaigns by permanent residents or for certain time periods by the technical staff responsible for the instrumentation. Outdoor particle number (PN) concentrations presented the higher values in Milan and Athens (median values 1.4 × 10 4 # cm -3 and 2.9 × 10 4 # cm -3 respectively) as a result of elevated outdoor emissions and led to correspondingly higher indoor values compared to Oslo and Prague. In absence of indoor activities, the indoor concentrations followed the fluctuations of the outdoor concentrations in all the measurement sites. Indoor activities (cooking, smoking, etc.) resulted in elevated indoor PN concentrations (maximum values ranging between 1.7 × 10 5 # cm -3 and 3.2 × 10 5 # cm -3 ) and to I/O ratios higher than one. The I/O ratios were size dependant and for periods without indoor activities, they presented the lowest values for particles < 50 nm (0.51 ± 0.15) and the ratios increased with fine particle size (0.79 ± 0.12 for particles between 100-200 nm). The analysis of the modal structure showed that the indoor aerosol size distribution characteristics differ from the outdoors under the effect of indoor sources. The percentage of unimodal size distributions increased during indoor emissions, compared to periods without indoor sources, along with the number concentration of Aitken mode particles, indicating emissions in specific size ranges according to the type of the indoor source.

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Temporal variations of atmospheric aerosol in four European urban areas

Cited by 34 publications

References 39 publications

Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a European multicentre panel study

Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory symptoms in individuals having either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a European multicentre panel study

Size-segregated characterization of PM10 at the EMEP site Melpitz (Germany) using a five-stage impactor: a six year study

Number Concentrations and Modal Structure of Indoor/Outdoor Fine Particles in Four European Cities

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