Temperature dependent bulge test for elastomers

Comparison of Virtual Fields Method, Parallel Network Material Model and Finite Element Updating for Material Parameter Determination

“…Elastomers are often used as damping elements and undergo, depending on their constraints, uni-and multiaxial loadings in tension, compression and shearing [1][2][3][4]. The nonlinear inherent viscoelastic material behaviour of the EPDM Shore A 50 with a maximum elongation of several hundred percent makes it further complicated to extract material parameters for the whole range of time (frequency), temperature and environmental conditions relevant for the application [5,6].…”

Estimation of the Elastic Properties of Polymer Plates Using a Structured Light Technique

“…As an alternative, the bulge test is used for determining the mechanical properties under biaxial tension conditions with small bending component [5]. Among the different test methods for Young's modulus determination, the bulge test has become popular for sheet metal [6][7][8][9], thin films [10][11][12][13], polymers [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], and biological materials [29]. In comparison to uniaxial tests, higher strain values can be achieved by bulge tests [7,16] and the maximum strain obtained in uniaxial tensile test before necking is relatively small [6].…”

“…This test is suitable for investigating polymer blends for large biaxial plastic deformation prior to failure [16]. Currently, it has been applied for determining stress-strain curves [9,16,29], pressure versus out-of-plane displacement curves [20,29], Young's modulus [28], changes of plate thickness [23,29], radius of curvature [29], hyperelastic model parameters [24], strain distribution [22], mechanism of bursting [26], transient surface shapes [19], anisotropy coefficients [6], thermally induced changes [14,25,27] and mechanical properties of biological tissues [30]. The results presented by many researchers show good agreement with theoretical values and with other methods of testing, such as biaxial extension and uniaxial tension.…”

“…Some applied measuring methods for out-of plane displacement in the bulge test are photogrammetry [9,17,18], digital image correlation [10,16,14,21], interferometry [12], laser triangulation [19], fringe projection [11,20], and stereo vision [24]. The most accurate measuring method is interferometry since the resolution is, at least, half of the laser wavelength.…”

Novel Experimental Characterisation of Hyperelastic Materials

“…There are many different height measurement techniques reported in the literature used in a bulge test. (Huston et al, 2001;Schweitzer & Göken, 2007;Vlassak & Nix, 1992;Wu et al, 2004;Zheng et al, 2000) Scanning laser beam 50 µm (Kalkman et al, 1999) Michelson type interferometer 25 µm (Huang et al, 2007) Fringe projection 200 µm (Poilane et al, 2000) Optical profilometer 20 µm (Youssef et al, 2010) 3D DIC Upto 180 mm (Çakmak, Kallaí, & Major, 2014;Galliot & Luchsinger, 2011;Machado et al, 2012) Therefore, using a 3D DIC system, it not only calculates the bulge height but also calculates the 3D bulged-shape, which helps to justify analytical models developed, based upon assumptions of certain bulged shapes (cylindrical and spherical cape).…”