Temperature and cooling demand reduction by green-roof types in different climates and urban densities: A co-simulation parametric study

Nature-Based Designs to Mitigate Urban Heat: The Efficacy of Green Infrastructure Treatments in Portland, Oregon

“…In our study, the GreenRoof intervention is consistently the least effective in all modeled scenarios (at 1.4 m height), although we did not model its effects at roof level. Differences in expected effectiveness of green roofs may have much to do with variation in regional climates, as suggested by Morakinyo et al [61].…”

“…Once the model was calibrated, we simulated diverse scenarios to evaluate how different landscape features affect ambient temperature. The scenarios (also referred to as heat mitigating interventions) used for this research were developed with input from urban planners at the City of Portland, as well as previously published studies [36,[57][58][59][60][61][62]. While the urban planners offered insights about the plausibility of scenarios (what city codes would allow), the published research helped to calibrate specifics of the ENVI-Met model.…”

Urban Warming and Cities’ Microclimates: Investigation Methods and Mitigation Strategies—A Review

“…Moreover, evidence from existing research suggests that the vertical advection of the generated cool air decreases as the vertical distance between rooftop and ground increases. As a result, the respective cooling effect of green roofs is more prominent in low-rise areas, while in high-rise districts, only negligible changes on T air have been reported at the human level [130][131][132][133].…”

“…-For the green roof with soil depth = 15cm and LAI = 2, a peak cooling effect at the human level of 0.4 • C and 1.1 • C, at noon and midnight, respectively -For the green roof with soil depth = 15cm and LAI = 1, peak cooling effect at the human level of 0.2 • C and 0.7 • C at noon and midnight, respectively -Negligible impact of green roofs on T mrt at the human level [131] Apply intensive and extensive types of roofs in low and high (HR)-rise areas in Hong Kong, China -In LR areas: maximum T air reduction by 0.7 • C and 1.7 • C due to extensive and intensive green roof types, respectively -In HR areas: maximum T air reduction by 0.4 • C and 0.8 • C due to extensive and intensive green roof types, respectively [136] Apply extensive and intensive types, LAI = 4.6 in several mid and high-rise urban areas in Chongqing, China -In the mid-rise area: maximum T air reduction of 0.3 • C and 0.4 • C due to the extensive and intensive roof types, respectively -In the high-rise area: negligible T air reduction both for the intensive and the extensive case [132] Add extensive and intensive roof types in buildings of generic high, medium and low-density areas, under four different climatic conditions (Hong Kong, Cairo, Tokyo, Paris) -Maximum T air reduction between 0.05-0.6 • C, depending on the roof type, climate and urban density -Low cooling effect in high rise areas, for all the examined climatic conditions [133] Add extensive green roofs covered by grass with a LAD of 0.3 m 2 /m 3 in all roofs of a dense urban block in Munich, Germany Negligible T air reduction and minor changes on thermal comfort indices…”

Untitled

“…Coconut sugar has been used as a traditional sweetener in Asia and is now gaining popularity because of its natural and minimal processes. A recent work has stated that the GI of coconut sap sugar was reported to be in the low category (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) [11]. The main component of coconut sugar is sucrose (about 70-80%) combined with glucose (3-9%) and fructose (3-9%).…”