Telemedicine diagnosis of eye disorders by direct ophthalmoscopy

Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: A systematic review

“…Studies determined to be higher in quality were performed under study conditions and may not be practical to implement into clinical practice. 40,43,48 In terms of diagnostic accuracy, real-time teleophthalmology was considered superior to face-to-face consultation in one study and comparable in six studies. Teleconsultation is successful in detecting gross changes; however, it is limited by the quality of the live-streaming video feed.…”

“…The studies were conducted in Asia-Pacific ( n = 4), North America ( n = 4), the United Kingdom ( n = 3) and Europe ( n = 1). Five of the studies 40–44 specified ages of participants, with an inclusive range from four years to 89 years. Ocular conditions evaluated were diverse and covered corneal and retinal pathologies, strabismus, oculoplastics and post-operative review.…”

“…Methods of image and video transmission for the teleophthalmology component were not explicitly stated in all studies, but those that did showed variation in transmission speed, with 384kbits per second as the most commonly used transmission 44,47–49 and the fastest transmission at 1.5Mbit per second. 43,45,46…”

“…All included studies assessed the outcomes from examinations conducted by consultant ophthalmologists, excluding a sub-study within Marcus et al. 43 whereby third year ophthalmology residents reviewed a live direct ophthalmoscopy video feed operated by a primary care physician. There was greater variation in the ophthalmology skills of the operator co-located with the patient in the telemedicine arm.…”

“…The onsite operator was an ophthalmologist or ophthalmology fellow in one study, 48 ophthalmology resident in four studies, 40,45,47,49 ophthalmic technician or orthoptist in three studies, 41,42,44 and other health care professionals or unstated assistants in four studies. 22,43,46,50…”

Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: A systematic review

“…Studies determined to be higher in quality were performed under study conditions and may not be practical to implement into clinical practice. 40,43,48 In terms of diagnostic accuracy, real-time teleophthalmology was considered superior to face-to-face consultation in one study and comparable in six studies. Teleconsultation is successful in detecting gross changes; however, it is limited by the quality of the live-streaming video feed.…”

“…The studies were conducted in Asia-Pacific ( n = 4), North America ( n = 4), the United Kingdom ( n = 3) and Europe ( n = 1). Five of the studies 40–44 specified ages of participants, with an inclusive range from four years to 89 years. Ocular conditions evaluated were diverse and covered corneal and retinal pathologies, strabismus, oculoplastics and post-operative review.…”

“…Methods of image and video transmission for the teleophthalmology component were not explicitly stated in all studies, but those that did showed variation in transmission speed, with 384kbits per second as the most commonly used transmission 44,47–49 and the fastest transmission at 1.5Mbit per second. 43,45,46…”

“…All included studies assessed the outcomes from examinations conducted by consultant ophthalmologists, excluding a sub-study within Marcus et al. 43 whereby third year ophthalmology residents reviewed a live direct ophthalmoscopy video feed operated by a primary care physician. There was greater variation in the ophthalmology skills of the operator co-located with the patient in the telemedicine arm.…”

“…The onsite operator was an ophthalmologist or ophthalmology fellow in one study, 48 ophthalmology resident in four studies, 40,45,47,49 ophthalmic technician or orthoptist in three studies, 41,42,44 and other health care professionals or unstated assistants in four studies. 22,43,46,50…”

Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: A systematic review

“…Studies determined to be higher in quality were performed under study conditions and may not be practical to implement into clinical practice. 40,43,48 In terms of diagnostic accuracy, real-time teleophthalmology was considered superior to face-to-face consultation in one study and comparable in six studies. Teleconsultation is successful in detecting gross changes; however, it is limited by the quality of the live-streaming video feed.…”

“…The studies were conducted in Asia-Pacific ( n = 4), North America ( n = 4), the United Kingdom ( n = 3) and Europe ( n = 1). Five of the studies 40–44 specified ages of participants, with an inclusive range from four years to 89 years. Ocular conditions evaluated were diverse and covered corneal and retinal pathologies, strabismus, oculoplastics and post-operative review.…”

“…Methods of image and video transmission for the teleophthalmology component were not explicitly stated in all studies, but those that did showed variation in transmission speed, with 384kbits per second as the most commonly used transmission 44,47–49 and the fastest transmission at 1.5Mbit per second. 43,45,46…”

“…All included studies assessed the outcomes from examinations conducted by consultant ophthalmologists, excluding a sub-study within Marcus et al. 43 whereby third year ophthalmology residents reviewed a live direct ophthalmoscopy video feed operated by a primary care physician. There was greater variation in the ophthalmology skills of the operator co-located with the patient in the telemedicine arm.…”

“…The onsite operator was an ophthalmologist or ophthalmology fellow in one study, 48 ophthalmology resident in four studies, 40,45,47,49 ophthalmic technician or orthoptist in three studies, 41,42,44 and other health care professionals or unstated assistants in four studies. 22,43,46,50…”

Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: A systematic review

“…Studies determined to be higher in quality were performed under study conditions and may not be practical to implement into clinical practice. 40,43,48 In terms of diagnostic accuracy, real-time teleophthalmology was considered superior to face-to-face consultation in one study and comparable in six studies. Teleconsultation is successful in detecting gross changes; however, it is limited by the quality of the live-streaming video feed.…”

“…The studies were conducted in Asia-Pacific ( n = 4), North America ( n = 4), the United Kingdom ( n = 3) and Europe ( n = 1). Five of the studies 40–44 specified ages of participants, with an inclusive range from four years to 89 years. Ocular conditions evaluated were diverse and covered corneal and retinal pathologies, strabismus, oculoplastics and post-operative review.…”

“…Methods of image and video transmission for the teleophthalmology component were not explicitly stated in all studies, but those that did showed variation in transmission speed, with 384kbits per second as the most commonly used transmission 44,47–49 and the fastest transmission at 1.5Mbit per second. 43,45,46…”

“…All included studies assessed the outcomes from examinations conducted by consultant ophthalmologists, excluding a sub-study within Marcus et al. 43 whereby third year ophthalmology residents reviewed a live direct ophthalmoscopy video feed operated by a primary care physician. There was greater variation in the ophthalmology skills of the operator co-located with the patient in the telemedicine arm.…”

“…The onsite operator was an ophthalmologist or ophthalmology fellow in one study, 48 ophthalmology resident in four studies, 40,45,47,49 ophthalmic technician or orthoptist in three studies, 41,42,44 and other health care professionals or unstated assistants in four studies. 22,43,46,50…”