Technical Report: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk

Meek, Joan Younger; Noble, Lawrence

doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057989

Cited by 60 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the World Health Organization recommend exclusive breastfeeding (or feeding mother's expressed milk) for the rst six months of age and to continue breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods introduced at about 6 months, as long as mutually desired by mother and child for 2 years or beyond (15,16). The AAP recommends pasteurized donor human milk if a mother's own milk is not available or contraindicated (17). If mother's own milk or pasteurized donor milk are not available, infant formula is the next nutritionally adequate and safe option to feed infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Feeding Practices and Parental Perceptions during the 2022 United States Infant Formula Shortage Crisis

Cernioglo

Smilowitz

2022

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Background In May of 2022, parents living in the United States experienced a dramatic infant formula shortage caused by supply chain issues and the recent recall of several infant formula products over contamination concerns. Methods An anonymous, electronic, cross-sectional survey was designed to understand infant feeding practices, parental experience and perceived support during the crisis. Results Ninety-nine parents that lived in the U.S. and fulfilled study criteria completed the survey. Sixty-six percent of respondents were female, and 75% of respondents were recipients of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infant Children (WIC). Parental mean age was 30.0 years and the mean infant age was 26.8 weeks. In response to the infant formula shortage crisis, parents changed their infant feeding practices, of which several were unsafe. Seventy-nine percent of parents fed their infants U.S. infant formula brands and 39% of parents fed their infants imported infant formula brands before the shortage which were significantly reduced during the shortage to 27% (p < 0.005) and 11% (p < 0.005), respectively. The percentage of parents that reported infant feeding practices before and during the infant formula shortage significantly increased from 2–28% for donor milk use (p < 0.005); 5–26% for use of breast milk from community sharing (p < 0.005); and 2–29% for use of watered-down infant formula (p < 0.005). The resources that parents reported as most helpful in navigating the crisis differed by parental sex and WIC recipient status and included other parents, friends, and family; lactation consultants; healthcare providers; and WIC. Conclusions Our study found that feeding practices in response to the infant formula shortage may pose health risks to infants. These data suggest the need for policy changes within regulatory and the healthcare system to provide families with clinical prenatal and postnatal lactation support, access to donor milk, and access to more commercially-available products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Feeding Practices and Parental Perceptions during the 2022 United States Infant Formula Shortage Crisis

Cernioglo

Smilowitz

2022

Preprint

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“…Ample evidence from epidemiological and biological studies has emphasized the propitious health effects of breastfeeding [ 1 ]. However, the prevalence of breastfeeding is often influenced by many factors, such as socio-demographic features, mode of delivery, early time of first breastfeeding, and the presence of personnel trained and skilled to support human lactation, which has been demonstrated to be essential for both the initiation and longer duration of breastfeeding [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), in consistence with guidelines and policies of the World Health Organization (WHO) both recommend that infants be exclusively breastfed for approximately 6 months; and furthermore, support continuing breastfeeding for 2 years or beyond, in order to induce the optimal short- and long-term outcomes for the mother–child dyad [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between History of Prolonged Exclusive Breast-Feeding and the Lung Function Indices in Childhood

et al. 2022

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Although the propitious effects of breastfeeding on children’s health are indisputable, the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on the lung function later in life remains controversial. Our objective was to explore the possible associations between breastfeeding and the lung function of children who were exclusively breastfed for an extensive period of time. This was a cross-sectional study of children who were exclusively breastfed for more than 12 months. Demographics and anthropometric data were collected; the body mass index (BMI), % body fat, and % central obesity were calculated; and all the participants underwent standard spirometry with reversibility testing. The relationship between breastfeeding duration and spirometric parameters was assessed by Spearman’s correlation and multivariable regression, after adjustment for other confounders. Forty-six children (21 boys), aged 9.2 ± 2.4 years, with a reported breastfeeding duration of 27.5 ± 12.5 months (range 12–60 months) were included; 13% were overweight (none were obese) and 21.7% had central obesity. The average FEV1 was 104.7 ± 10.4% and the average FEF25-75 was 107.9 ± 13.3%. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was positively correlated with FEF25-75% (r = 0.422, p = 0.003). Multivariable linear regression analysis confirmed the above finding (beta coefficient 0.478, p = 0.002), independently of age, overweight, and central obesity. No correlation was noted between the duration of breastfeeding and other spirometric parameters. In addition to its favorable impact on the metabolic profile, prolonged exclusive breastfeeding seems to exert a propitious effect on the function of smaller airways throughout childhood.

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“…In 2022, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) jointly released a new list of guidelines recommending extended breastfeeding for babies. Previously, it was recommended that children be breastfed for a period of 1 year to ensure receipt of maximum health and wellness benefits (Meek & Noble, 2022); the new recommendation calls for a period of 2 years of breastfeeding alongside the supplementation of complementary foods gradually after the first 6 months.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recommended change to the current breastfeeding protocol was meant to ensure maximal wellness for both the breastfeeding parent and the infant. The recommendation is based on the finding that after a year of breastfeeding, the human milk retains the same amount of nutrients (e.g., protein, lysozyme, and lactoferrin) overall, and, in some cases, the supply is increased (Grote et al, 2016; Meek & Noble, 2022). The WHO (2022) has suggested that breastfeeding is directly linked to children’s survival rates and overall well-being.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nursing parents should compile and submit a complete medical history for review, to ascertain the best course of action in each individual circumstance. Each medication taken by the parent should be checked, which could exclude continued breastfeeding under certain circumstances; for example, breastfeeding is not recommended when the parent is taking antimetabolites during the treatment of cancer (Grote et al, 2016; Meek & Noble, 2022). More specific to disease transmission, in the United States breastfeeding is not advised for HIV+ individuals due to the potential risk of passing the disease to the child through newly developing wounds (Grote et al, 2016; Meek & Noble, 2022).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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