Technical Aspects

Silvester, Debbie S.; Rogers, Emma I.; Compton, Richard G.; McKenzie, Katy J.; Ryder, Karl S.; Endres, Frank; MacFarlane, Douglas R.; Abbott, Andrew P.

doi:10.1002/9783527622917.ch11

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Ag/Ag + reference electrodes were voltammetrically characterized for use in RTILs by Snook and co-workers, who reported a less than 1 mV drift over 3 weeks. They are considered the reference electrode of choice for rigorous quantitative voltammetry, and have since been implemented by others for this purpose. − Snook et al placed a silver wire in a 10 mM silver triflate/[Bmpyrr][NTf 2 ] solution that was contained within a pipet tip with a molecular sieve as a frit. A modified version of this reference electrode is used herein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, for each RTIL used as a solvent, a reference electrode with a silver triflate solution in that ionic liquid is employed. Then since a range of RTILs are examined in this paper, and a Ag/Ag + reference electrode is likely to have different absolute potentials between different solvents, an internal reference, utilizing a largely solvent-insensitive couple, is used to compare the potentials across different solvents. IUPAC recommends the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple; however, on a silver electrode, an oxidative marker is not desirable, as the potentials used may oxidize the silver electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: The Effect of the Choice of Electrode Material, Cation, and Anion

2016

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The electroreduction of carbon dioxide is systematically investigated in roomtemperature ionic liquids (RTILs) to establish the effect of the electrode material, the cation, and the anion on the mechanism of reduction. Silver, gold, platinum, and glassy carbon macroelectrodes are investigated using cyclic voltammetry in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][NTf 2 ]). On silver electrodes, a diffusion-limited reductive peak current is observed, while for gold, the peak current density is 6 times smaller. No appreciable reduction is observable on either platinum or glassy carbon. Moreover, on silver, the overpotential required for reduction is reduced by ca. 1.5 V compared with gold. Next, a cation effect and an anion effect are demonstrated on a silver electrode, with the use of the following RTILs: 1-butyl-1methylpyrrolodinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide ([Bmpyrr][NTf 2 ]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Emim][NTf 2 ]), 1-propyl-3-me-thylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Pmim]-[NTf 2 ]), 1-butyl-3-met-hylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([Bmim][FAP]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF 4 ]). The study of the anion and cation effect is enabled by the use of IL-based Ag/Ag + reference electrodes, with the solvent in each reference electrode composed of the RTIL used in the primary solution. To allow direct comparison of CO 2 reduction potentials between different solvents, the cobaltocenium/cobaltocene couple is used as a standard, allowing corrected relative potentials to be reported. The peak current on silver was observed in [Bmim][NTf 2 ] at −1.1 V vs cobaltocenium/cobaltocene, in [Bmpyrr][NTf 2 ] at −1.20 V, and in [Emim][NTf 2 ] and [Pmim][NTf 2 ] at −1.50 V. Of the anions, the peak current observed in [Bmim][BF 4 ] occurs at a comparable potential to [Bmim][NTf 2 ] (−1.10 V vs cobaltocenium/cobaltocene), while the reduction of CO 2 in [Bmim][FAP] was observed at −1.60 V. This work provides experimental evidence that silver facilitates the inner-sphere reduction of carbon dioxide, and a possible mechanism is proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: The Effect of the Choice of Electrode Material, Cation, and Anion

2016

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“…ILs are (molten) salts composed of large variety of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions [16]. They present several interesting properties: excellent solvent for various organic/inorganic materials, negligible vapor pressure, high thermal and chemical stability, non-flammability, high ionic conductivity, low viscosity and large electrochemical capacitance [16,17]. The ionic conduction mechanism is the most important effect in the heating of ILs by microwave; it increases their dielectric loss factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Devulcanization of styrene butadiene rubber by microwave energy: Effect of the presence of ionic liquid

Seghar¹,

Hocine²,

Mittal³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. In this study, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was devulcanized using microwave irradiation. In particular, effect of ionic liquid (IL), pyrrolidinium hydrogen sulfate [Pyrr] [HSO 4 ], on the devulcanization performance was studied. It was observed that the evolution of the temperature reached by rubber powder exposed to microwave irradiation for different energy values was favored by the presence of ionic liquid [Pyrr] [HSO 4 ] significantly over the whole range of the microwave energy values. Beyond the threshold point of 220 Wh/kg, the soluble fraction after devulcanization sharply increased with increasing devulcanization microwave energy. For the powder mixed with [Pyrr][HSO 4 ], the increase was more significant. Furthermore, the crosslink density was observed to decrease slowly with the microwave energy up to 220 Wh/kg, beyond which the crosslink density decreased significantly for the rubber impregnated with IL. For the rubber with IL, significant and continuous increase in T g with microwave energy values was observed in comparison with the SBR where no change in transition temperature was observed. Mechanical shearing of rubber gums in the two-roll mill favored the devulcanization process, which indicated that the combination of mechanical loading with microwave energy and IL is an efficient procedure allowing an optimal devulcanization of rubbers.

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“…Silvester et al also reported results related with the stability of silver and platinum QREs [23]. The QRE was inserted into a glass tube and separated from the test solution via a vycor tip.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this experiment, platinum QRE showed a shift of around 90 mV when the preoxidizing time was increased from 5 to 40 min. Meanwhile, the shift in potential from experiment to experiment in the silver wire QRE was minimized by introducing the wire into a compartment filled with the same IL present in the working solution and separated from this solution by a glass frit [6,19,23]. However, even when the behavior of this system may appear to be stable, comparison of day-to-day potential stability indicates a relatively large variability [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Systems for Voltammetric Measurements in Ionic Liquids

Torriero

2015

Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids

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Technical Aspects

Cited by 10 publications

References 117 publications

Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: The Effect of the Choice of Electrode Material, Cation, and Anion

Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: The Effect of the Choice of Electrode Material, Cation, and Anion

Devulcanization of styrene butadiene rubber by microwave energy: Effect of the presence of ionic liquid

Reference Systems for Voltammetric Measurements in Ionic Liquids

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