Tear Osmolarity and Dry Eye Symptoms in Women Using Oral Contraception and Contact Lenses

Chen, Sarah P.; Massaro-Giordano, Giacomina; Pistilli, Maxwell; Schreiber, Courtney A.; Bunya, Vatinee Y.

doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e3182662390

Cited by 69 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…This is in agreement with the results reported by Chen et al, who found that SANDE consistently scored symptoms higher than OSDI in various groups of patients with DED. 17 A difference of 14 points would be, in fact, of clinical significance according to Miller et al 12 However, when algebraic-vectorial normalization was applied to the scores obtained with both questionnaires, we found a difference of less than 2 units. While the magnitude of this difference remained constant in the two different measurements (baseline and follow-up) the signs alternated between both measurements, supporting the idea that the difference is negligible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Dry Eye Symptom Assessment

2015

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Purpose The aim of this study was to compare patient reported symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) as assessed by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI©), a 12-item symptom frequency-based questionnaire, and the Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye (SANDE), a 2-item frequency- and severity-based visual analog scale. Design Clinic-based evaluation of diagnostic test. Participants One hundred fourteen patients with dry eye disease. Methods Patients were administered the OSDI and SANDE questionnaires at baseline and follow-up visits to evaluate dry eye disease-related symptoms. The correlations between both questionnaires’ scores were evaluated using the Spearman coefficient and their clinical differences were assessed using the Bland-Altman analysis. Main Outcome Measures Baseline and follow-up visit OSDI and SANDE dry eye symptom scores. Results At the baseline visit, the OSDI and SANDE questionnaire scores significantly correlated (R = 0.64; P <0.001). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between changes in the OSDI and SANDE scores from baseline to follow-up visits (R = 0.47; P <0.001). A Bland-Altman analysis, after score normalization, revealed a difference (bias) of less than two centesimal units between the scores of the two questionnaires. Conclusions Data collected from the SANDE questionnaire showed a significant correlation and negligible score differences with those from the OSDI, suggesting that the SANDE visual analog scale-based questionnaire has the potential to provide clinicians with a short, quick and reliable measure for DED symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Dry Eye Symptom Assessment

2015

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“…[42][43][44][45][46] Menstrual-phase related symptoms were shown also in contact lens wearers, 47 although other authors disagree. 48 Other parameters do not appear to be affected during the cycle, such as tear osmolarity, 49 tear ferning grade, 50 evaporation rate and tear turnover rate. 48 Taken as a whole, these data confirm that the menstrual cycle may change the ocular surface component over the month, which represents per se a bias in the comparison between females and males.…”

Section: The ''His and Hers'' Ocular Surfacementioning

confidence: 95%

Sex-Steroid Imbalance in Females and Dry Eye

Versura

Giannaccare

Campos

2014

Current Eye Research

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Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface unit that results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance and ocular surface damage. It is one of the most common complaints in daily ophthalmic practice. The risk of DE increases with age in both sexes, while its incidence is higher among females. In addition, the condition of menopause in aging women may also contribute to DE onset or worsening as a consequence of an overall hormonal imbalance. Sex hormones play a key role in ocular surface physiology and they impact differently on ocular surface tissues. Reduced estrogen levels were historically thought to be responsible in age-related DE onset but more recent investigations have reconsidered the role of androgens that are present and exert a protective function on the ocular surface. Hormone levels themselves, withdrawal changes in hormone levels, and the changes in hormone-receptor responsiveness are all important factors but it remains to be fully elucidated how estrogen or androgen insufficiency act alone or together in a combined imbalance or interplay to raise the risk of disease. The purpose of this review is to briefly outline current scientific evidence on the influence of androgens and estrogens, on the Lachrymal and Meibomian glands and on ocular surface epithelia including conjunctival goblet cells during reproductive and menopausal periods. The role of sex steroids is also discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of different forms of DE and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The impact of systemic hormone therapy (HT) in DE post-menopausal women still appears as a controversial issue, despite the many clinical studies. Finally, the outcomes of topical applications of steroid-based products are summarized, underlying the need for potential (tear) biomarker(s) in the rationale of DE-targeted therapy.

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“…23 It should be also mentioned that the OSDI questionnaire has been found to be useful as a diagnostic test for differentiating between dry eye and non-dry eye subjects. 24,25 For this study, the Spanish validated version of the OSDI questionnaire was used 26 and a score of less than 22 considered. This limit has been found to be useful for discriminating those patients with minimal or no symptoms potentially associated to dry eye.…”

Section: Methods Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%