Targeting Mitochondrial Biogenesis with Polyphenol Compounds

Abstract

Appropriate mitochondrial physiology is an essential for health and survival. Cells have developed unique mechanisms to adapt to stress circumstances and changes in metabolic demands, by meditating mitochondrial function and number. In this context, sufficient mitochondrial biogenesis is necessary for efficient cell function and haemostasis, which is dependent on the regulation of ATP generation and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These procedures play a primary role in the processes of inflammation, aging, cancer, metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration. Polyphenols have been considered as the main components of plants, fruits, and natural extracts with proven therapeutic effects during the time. These components regulate the intracellular pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, the current review is aimed at representing an updated review which determines the effects of different natural polyphenol compounds from various plant kingdoms on modulating signaling pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis that could be a promising alternative for the treatment of several disorders.

A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration

“…In recent years, there has been increasing data for the effectiveness of natural extracts such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins as potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents (reviewed in: [ 250 ]). Phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, mulberry extract, green tea polyphenols, etc., have been shown to energize mitochondria through the SIRT1/PGC-1α, AMPK/PGC-1α, or Nrf2/PGC-1α axis, and exert neuroprotective effects and improve overall health [ 251 , 252 , 253 , 254 , 255 ].…”

PGC-1α Methylation, miR-23a, and miR-30e Expression as Biomarkers for Exercise- and Diet-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Capillary Blood from Healthy Individuals: A Single-Arm Intervention

“…In addition to exercise, phytochemicals such as polyphenols in plant-based foods also seem to regulate the intracellular pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis [ 8 ]. We were able to point out an association between the consumption of cruciferous vegetables and mtDNA content.…”

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) or mitochondrial stress occur, and low ROS levels or mild mitochondrial stress are known to induce adaptive responses that affect both short-term (e.g., metabolic) and long-term (e.g., longevity) health—responses that are referred to as mitohormesis [ 5 , 6 ]. Healthy physiology of the mitochondria is essential for health and longevity, whereby dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases [ 7 , 8 ]. PGC-1α promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating various transcription factors, e.g., nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2), which promote the expression of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM).…”

The Effect of Polyphenols on Kidney Disease: Targeting Mitochondria

“…AMPK with phosphorylation and SIRT1 through deacetylation can positively regulate PGC-1α [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Stimulation of PGC-1α through deacetylation or phosphorylation can stimulate the pathway followed by activation of nuclear transcription series factors, such as Nrf1, Nrf2, and transcription factor A mitochondria (TFAM) expression, consequently leading to mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) transcription and replication [ 44 ]. Moreover, PGC-1α activation improves the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ) biosynthesis, a key molecule critical for oxidative metabolism and cell protection [ 11 ].…”

“…Cellular homeostasis is integrated with function of mitochondria and biogenesis. It leads to metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer if the intracellular pathway is malfunctioned [ 44 ]. According to the broad involvement of PGC-1α and Nrf1/2 as the important factors of mitochondria biogenesis, they can serve as a vital pharmacological target in metabolic diseases.…”