Targeted manipulation of leaf form via local growth repression

Malinowski, Robert; Kasprzewska, Ania; Fleming, Andrew J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04559.x

Cited by 27 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…RT-PCR for microarray analysis verification was set up as previously described (Malinowski et al , 2011). Reactions paused at defined intervals during the program at the lowest temperature (60 °C) of cycles 20, 24, 28, and 32.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens

O’Donoghue

Chater

Wallace

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Bryophytes, the most basal of the extant land plants, diverged at least 450 million years ago. A major feature of these plants is the biphasic alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a minor diploid sporophyte phase. These dramatic differences in form and function occur in a constant genetic background, raising the question of whether the switch from gametophyte-to-sporophyte development reflects major changes in the spectrum of genes being expressed or alternatively whether only limited changes in gene expression occur and the differences in plant form are due to differences in how the gene products are put together. This study performed replicated microarray analyses of RNA from several thousand dissected and developmentally staged sporophytes of the moss Physcomitrella patens, allowing analysis of the transcriptomes of the sporophyte and early gametophyte, as well as the early stages of moss sporophyte development. The data indicate that more significant changes in transcript profile occur during the switch from gametophyte to sporophyte than recently reported, with over 12% of the entire transcriptome of P. patens being altered during this major developmental transition. Analysis of the types of genes contributing to these differences supports the view of the early sporophyte being energetically and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte, provides a profile of homologues to genes involved in angiosperm stomatal development and physiology which suggests a deeply conserved mechanism of stomatal control, and identifies a novel series of transcription factors associated with moss sporophyte development.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens

O’Donoghue

Chater

Wallace

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Botany

Self Cite

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“…1), and flexibility in these patterning events further expands the variability in leaf form. The formation of marginal structures results from differential growth in adjacent regions and can be caused by a local restriction or promotion of growth (Kawamura et al, 2010;Malinowski et al, 2011;Vlad et al, 2014). As we discuss below, marginal patterning in simple and compound leaves involves partially overlapping mechanisms, many of which involve auxin signaling.…”

Section: Marginal Patterning In Simple and Compound Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf development and morphogenesis

2014

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The development of plant leaves follows a common basic program that is flexible and is adjusted according to species, developmental stage and environmental circumstances. Leaves initiate from the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and develop into flat structures of variable sizes and forms. This process is regulated by plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties of the tissue. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how these factors modulate leaf development to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms. We discuss these issues in the context of leaf initiation, the balance between morphogenesis and differentiation, and patterning of the leaf margin.

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“…it is possible to understand the often unintuitive relationships between gene expression patterns and the resulting organ shapes (1,(20)(21)(22)(23). Using computational models, we demonstrate that the 3D shape of cells and their arrangement within multicellular plant organs can profoundly affect their growth response to gradients of expansion-promoting gene expression.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical constraints imposed by 3D cellular geometry and arrangement modulate growth patterns in the Arabidopsis embryo

Bassel

Stamm

Mosca

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

177

202

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Morphogenesis occurs in 3D space over time and is guided by coordinated gene expression programs. Here we use postembryonic development in Arabidopsis plants to investigate the genetic control of growth. We demonstrate that gene expression driving the production of the growth-stimulating hormone gibberellic acid and downstream growth factors is first induced within the radicle tip of the embryo. The center of cell expansion is, however, spatially displaced from the center of gene expression. Because the rapidly growing cells have very different geometry from that of those at the tip, we hypothesized that mechanical factors may contribute to this growth displacement. To this end we developed 3D finiteelement method models of growing custom-designed digital embryos at cellular resolution. We used this framework to conceptualize how cell size, shape, and topology influence tissue growth and to explore the interplay of geometrical and genetic inputs into growth distribution. Our simulations showed that mechanical constraints are sufficient to explain the disconnect between the experimentally observed spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression and early postembryonic growth. The center of cell expansion is the position where genetic and mechanical facilitators of growth converge. We have thus uncovered a mechanism whereby 3D cellular geometry helps direct where genetically specified growth takes place.computational modeling | quantification | biomechanics | plant development | seed germination C entral to developmental biology is the question of how gene expression leads to morphogenesis and the creation of form (1, 2). However, there are few studies that link genes directly with shape change in a mechanistic way (3-5). In plants, where cells do not move, nearly all shape change and morphogenesis occur through the tightly regulated control over the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Mathematical models of plant cell growth are based on the turgor-driven Lockhart model and its derivatives (6, 7) that link the rate of cell wall expansion to the stress experienced by the wall. This model fits well with the biochemistry of the cell wall, which is composed of a strong cellulose microfibril network embedded in a pectin matrix with cross-links of hemicellulose, structural proteins, and other polysaccharides (8). Stress on the cell wall from turgor pressure causes elastic expansion, which becomes plastic as remodeling enzymes rearrange the network and incorporate new material (8). Thus, the physical manifestation of growth, cell expansion, results from a balance between genetically controlled enzymatic activity and the mechanical forces experienced by the cell wall.A common simplifying assumption is that gene expression associated with cell wall modification directly specifies the rate of growth of cells. This assumption is, however, limited as growthpromoting gene expression rarely correlates well with gradients of active cell expansion (9, 10). This suggests that gene expression patterns alone are not sufficient to pr...

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Targeted manipulation of leaf form via local growth repression

Cited by 27 publications

References 42 publications

Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the sporophyte of the moss Physcomitrella patens

Leaf development and morphogenesis

Mechanical constraints imposed by 3D cellular geometry and arrangement modulate growth patterns in the Arabidopsis embryo

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