2017
DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100312
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Abstract: Scorpions use their venom in defensive situations as well as for subduing prey. Since some species of scorpion use their venom more in defensive situations than others, this may have led to selection for differences in effectiveness in defensive situations. Here, we compared the LD50 of the venom of 10 species of scorpions on five different species of target organisms; two insects and three vertebrates. We found little correlation between the target species in the efficacy of the different scorpion venoms. Onl… Show more

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Cited by 18 publications
(14 citation statements)
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References 54 publications
(53 reference statements)
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“…Optimal venom use minimizes these costs, maximizing the survival benefit venom provides. On the broadest scales, optimal venom investment has contributed to the divergence of stinger morphology and venom compositions between species adapted to different environments (Tian et al, 2008;Sunagar et al, 2013;van der Meijden et al, 2013). Optimal venom use can be influenced by factors such as prey/predator identity, and scorpions therefore utilize a suite of behavioral tactics to minimize waste.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Optimal venom use minimizes these costs, maximizing the survival benefit venom provides. On the broadest scales, optimal venom investment has contributed to the divergence of stinger morphology and venom compositions between species adapted to different environments (Tian et al, 2008;Sunagar et al, 2013;van der Meijden et al, 2013). Optimal venom use can be influenced by factors such as prey/predator identity, and scorpions therefore utilize a suite of behavioral tactics to minimize waste.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Compared with other venomous taxa, scorpions are unusual in that they possess two main weapons: their stinging apparatus and their pedipalps. Species vary in their relative investment in these two weapons depending on their ecological niche, leading to the great morphological diversity in scorpion stinging apparatus and pedipalps seen between species (Figure 1) (van der Meijden et al, 2013). Burrowing species, such as members of the family Scorpionidae, are often sit-and-wait predators (Hadley and Williams, 1968;Bub and Bowerman, 1979;Shachak and Brand, 1983;Shivashankar, 1994), and possess large pedipalps that can be used to dig, grab passing prey, and block predators from entering their burrow (van der Meijden et al, 2010).…”
Section: The Evolution Of Optimal Venom Usementioning
confidence: 99%
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